Symptoms And Treatment Of Rubella

This week of maternity clinical rotation, I had a patient Mrs. M was 35-year-old G2P2. She gave birth to a boy by cesarean section at 41 weeks. Mrs. M had Rh+ and Blood group was O+. She was rubella immune, +PPD and had no known allergies. Her GBS, HBsAg, and RPR status were negative.

Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV) is an infection that is contagious that resembles the common cold a lot of times. RSV is the most common viral pathogen that causes lower respiratory tract infections in infants. RSV infection in infancy cause severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia and may incline children to the following development of asthma, the most common chronic illness of childhood. RSV is the most single related cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Epidemics of the virus are seen each winter, 80% of infections typically occur during a three-month period. The virus is not typically severe during infancy but it is rare if it happens. (As, in my case I was born with the RSV virus and was hospitalized for eighteen days and was put on assisted ventilation.) In infants RSV infection can spread to the bronchial tubes and lungs. The virus can also infect adults, in where the infection can cause viral pneumonia, which is sometimes followed by a bacterial infection of the lower respiratory system.

If a woman is exposed to shingles during her pregnancy, and acquires shingles, her pregnancy may be complicated. The mother may get very sick, and the baby may get chicken pox right away or within a few days of birth. If the pregnant woman has shingles within a few days before birth this can be very bad for the baby. The newborn baby might not be able to handle all the stress on the body of the virus attacking the nerves so young. It is not very common for this to happen although it can.

When children or young people are unwell or injured inform the designated first aider, ensure the surrounding environment is safe. Assess signs and symptoms and take appropriate action and inform parent/carers. For e.g. a child is not acting themselves, feels hot to touch. Then remove clothing as necessary, use a cold flannel to cool them down. Make them comfortable and take their temperature. Ensure this is recorded in an incident log. Inform the parent/carer that the child is unwell and to come and collect them if

RSV is the most common cause of LRTI’s leading to morbidity and mortality in children across the world. Most children have acquired an RSV infection by the time they reach 2 years of age. It is typical to see these infections during the winter/early spring seasons in temperate regions, and during the rainy seasons in tropical areas. This is likely due to the increase of indoor crowding related to weather. The transmission of RSV requires close contact by either a large particle aerosol, or by contamination of hands followed by an inoculation into the eye or nose. Secondary infections are seen in in family contacts of an individual with a primary case due to their close contact.

Once the infant is born, maternal antibodies are cut off and the neonate’s production of IgG rises. The maternal antibodies are metabolized faster than the infant’s production of immunoglobulin, which leaves the infant more vulnerable to infections.

Congenital rubella infection, or CRI, manifests itself as the following transient signs and symptoms: bone lesions, hepatitis, neonatal thrombocytopenic purpura, meningoencephalitis. In addition to that, some sequelae that are late-emerging with the disease include progressive rubella panencephalitis and diabetes mellitus, added on to the heart disease, mental retardation, cataracts, and deafness as defined in the past to be due to congenital rubella infection. (1) Between the patterns of immune response and virus excretion of congenital vs. postnatal rubella, sharp contrasts were documented. The enormous production and distribution of attenuated rubella virus vaccines in 1969 played a major role in the prevention of a rubella epidemic. However, even in the U.S., pockets of rubella still remain. To eliminate rubella entirely, there will be much more effort required.

This infection accounts for many of the cases of convulsions associated with fever in infancy (febrile seizures).

Congenital varicella syndrome is a disorder that affects infants at birth due to an infected mother with varicella zoster virus or chickenpox during early pregnancy. Varicella zoster virus is a DNA virus that comes from herpes family and it is an infectious agent that is highly contagious. The virus easily transmits from one person to another during coughing or sneezing. It can also transmit by touching contaminated things with the virus and by breathing in particles from the virus. Signs that shows on adults are rashes and itchy blisters throughout the body. It also has a symptom of a headache and a fever. The sign and symptoms are mild in vaccinated person. An infection of the virus from a mother to an infant in the first 20 weeks of gestational

“Bubble baby disease.” In my own words, it is a disease that causes a baby to basically have no immune system so they are vulnerable to death when even getting something not that serious like a cold.

During the first trimester the fetal immune system is underdeveloped and unable to protect the fetus from microorganisms passed through the cord blood. When the varicella virus enters the blood supply of a pregnant mother it can travel through the placenta and invade the nervous tissue of the developing fetus. The nerves most affected are the optic stalk and the cervical and lumbrosacral areas of the developing spinal cord. The compromised developing nervous tissue can lead to a reduced number of functional nerves or complete denervation of areas of tissue on the babies body, most affected are the eyes and the extremities. Researchers do not

Vaginal Seeding is the concept of swabbing a baby, born via cesarean section, with vaginal fluid from the mother to replicate the process of collecting flora while traveling through the birth canal. The reason for this concept is to expose the infant to the mother’s natural interior and exterior bacteria. These bacteria are thought to assist in alleviating certain conditions thought to be more closely associated with children born by way of C-section. While there appears to have been several studies and comparisons done on children born vaginally and children born via C-section, the debate stands whether the pros of the procedure outweigh the cons. There are some doctor’s and parents alike who agree with the concept and think it to be beneficial for the child. However, there are others who use lack of evidence and potential dangers of the technique as a premise of its many criticisms.

Najate Achamrah and Agnes Ditisheim believe that defective placenta releases many factors to the maternal circulation such as, pro-inflammatory cytokines, syncytiotrophoblast micro particles, angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors which is in turn cause endothelial cell dysfunction and increase vascular resistance that result in the maternal syndrome. (Najate Achamrah & Agnes Ditisheim, 2018).

The Latin name for measles is rubeola. The pathogen which causes the disease is a paramyxovirus, which is one of a group of RNA (ribonucleic acid) viruses. Measles is a respiratory disease caused by a virus, and also comes out in a rash. The virus enters the body via the respiratory system, and grows in the cells at the back of the throat and in the cells that line the lungs, from there it then enters the blood stream and circulates the body.

If a pregnant woman gets infected with the varicella virus, the baby is going to get infected