Symptoms And Treatment Of Trypanosoma Brucei

One of the devastating diseases that was carried to East Africa was sleeping sickness (Ransford 111). The tsetse fly carries the sleeping sickness parasite, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and transmits it through its bite (African Trypanosomiasis). The isolated tribe’s total lack of immunity and the eastern migratory shift increased both the severity and rapidity of this disease for Eastern African regions. For example, the decline in the population of Lukolela from less than 6,000 in 1891 to only a little more than 700 in 1896, is due to this type of disease transference (Ransford 128).

Our plan is to run blood tests on individuals who exhibit symptoms of FSGS to confirm if they express the APOL1 gene. The individuals whose blood we use, since we have to take both likelihood of affliction and ancestry into consideration, will be from people who are of West African descent. In order to confirm if the individual expresses the APOL1 gene, we will first take the individual’s blood sample, large enough to have a detectable amount of HDL cholesterol (potentially formed into an APOL1-HDL complex). We will then acquire a sample of the parasite. The parasite will be acquired by gathering the various species of Tsetse flies which serve as vectors for trypanosomes in West Africa. We can then cultivate a live axenic sample of

Discovered in 1909 by Carlos Chagas, Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, affects an estimated 8 million individuals annually according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The number of individuals affected by this disease annually makes it a significant, yet preventable, problem. As a chronic parasitic infection, the disease is transmitted by insects and most commonly found in impoverished regions of Latin America, as well as the rest of the Americas. The purpose of this report is to explain the biology of this disease as well as its epidemiology and prevention strategies.

The most important diseases, however, are the leishmaniases (Lainson, 1982). Leishmaniases, are parasitic diseases with a wide range of clinical symptoms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (Kravchenko et al., 2004). The most common form is Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, CL (Akhoundi et al., 2016). Two protozoan species Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica are important agents of CL throughout Pakistan. While Leishmania donovani causes Visceral Leishmaniasis mostly in upper northern regions of Pakistan such as Chitral (Rab et al., 1995 and Tanoli et al., 2005). Transmission occurs during feeding. The leishmania parasites develop into an infective form inside the gut of the sand fly vector and are injected together with saliva into host body during blood feeding (Kato et al., 2006)

Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and about 7 million of people are infected in the endemic area of Latin America. Was discovered in 1909 by the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, and the infection occurs mainly by contact with de feces or urine of infected triatomine bugs, but there are other infection routes such as: congenital, transfusions, transplants and contaminated food. The Chagas disease has two stages, an acute and a chronic phase, in the acute stage the parasite can be found in the circulating blood and may be mild or asymptomatic. In the chronic phase, the parasites are in the heart and digestive muscles, most of infected people never develop Chagas-related, but a parcel of the infected suffer

East African Trypanosomiasis, better known as the sleeping sickness, is when a tsetse fly bites you and you get infected. The bite is painful and will turn into a red sore or in more serious cases a chancre. Tsetse flies feed on animals then they go and bite humans causing the disease. Some symptoms are fever, extreme fatigue, joint pains and headaches. Some people will experience personality changes and neurological problems. The symptoms will start to occur within one to three weeks prior to the bite. If this disease isn't treated death will occur within months. The fly bites during daylight and usually in woodland and savannah areas. People who live in rural areas have a much higher risk of getting bite by a tsetse fly. There is no way to prevent the bite. However there is treatment. This is a global issue in South Sudan, Africa. The sleeping sickness was first reported in South Sudan in 1908. East African Trypanosomiasis has been an issue for the past century.

West African trypanosomiasis, also called Gambian sleeping sickness, is a long-lasting (chronic) infection. The infection spreads over time to affect the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). Without treatment it is life-threatening.

Brucella abortus is zoonotic, which can cause brucellosis in both cattle and human. The geographical distribution of both human and bovine brucellosis is wide and is constantly changing; this not only results in great economic loss in animal production, but also compromises human health. Although bovine brucellosis can be prevented by vaccine and elimination of the infected cattle, there is no licensed vaccine for human at the moment.

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2013), Toxoplasmosis gondii is a single- celled parasite that causes a disease known as Toxoplasmosis. Most humans affected with this acute infection never know they have even come into contact with it because human’s immune systems are usually strong enough to fight off the infection. Most of the 60 million who are affected by this parasite are either pregnant women or someone with a compromised immune system.

While there is controversy over whether NO is vital for a successful innate response 31, it is critical to the adaptive response as depletion of L-arginine inhibits parasite replication – a key component of the host defenses that drives the parasite into its less active bradyzoite form5 32. T. gondii is also dependent on tryptophan for replication, and host induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in fibroblasts, which depletes intracellular levels of tryptophan, is yet another host-defence mechanism (Fig.

Trypanosoma brucei is a parasite that causes the vector-borne parasitic disease Trypanosomiasis; also known as the African sleeping sickness. The Scientific classification of Trypanosoma is as follows: Domain- Eukaryota, Kingdom- Protista, Phylum- Euglenozoa, Class- Kinetoplastea, Order- Trypanosomatida, Family- Trypanosomatidae, Genus- Trypanosoma and Species- T. brucei. The name is derived from the Greek word trypano meaning “borer” and soma meaning “body” because of their cork-screw like motion. It is a unicellular eukaryote with a single flagella that aids in propulsion and motility. T. brucei is generally found in countries south of the Sahara Desert; the sub-Saharan. The tsetse fly is the vector responsible for transmission to the

In 2014 MSF admitted 330 people for the african sleeping sickness. Tsetse flies are carriers of the parasite human African Trypanosomiasis. There are 65 million people at risk in 36 countries where tsetse flies are found. If not treated the disease is fatal. T. Brucei Gambiense is responsible for the reportings of more than 98% of human trypanosomiasis. Only 2% of reported cases come from T. Brucei rhodesiense. There are 3 kinds of trypanosomiasis but T. brucei brucei does not affect humans. (“What Is African Sleeping Sickness?”)

When the parasite enters the blood it multiplies. The infection also keeps multiplying in the mosquito, which also passes it

The human African Trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a neglected disease caused by the parasitic protozoa Trypanosoma brucei (Tb) gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense. An estimated sixty million people in 36 sub-Saharan African countries are at risk for sleeping sickness, especially poor and neglected populations living in remote rural areas.1 Trypanosome parasites are transmitted to humans through a bite from the tsetse fly (genus Glossina). Following acute infection, the disease progresses to a chronic phase ultimately with invasion of the brain, which if untreated, causes coma and death. Current treatment options for sleeping sickness are very limited and not ideal due to toxicity or lengthy parenteral administration.2 During the first stage of the disease when parasites are limited to the hemolymphatic system, treatment with pentamidine (1; see Chart 1) (T. b. gambiense) or suramin (2) (T. b. rhodesiense) is effective. For the CNS form of the disease (second stage), patients are treated with the arsenic derivative melarsoprol (3) or eflornithine (4), which is

Bovine brucellosis is a contagious disease found worldwide particularly in developing countries (OIE 2000). It is caused by Brucella abortus and is characterized by abortion in females and orchitis in males along with infertility in both sexes. The commonly used conventional tests for diagnosis of brucellosis include rose bengal plate test, serum tube agglutination test, complement fixation test and ELISA. However diagnostic efficacy of these tests is questionable on individual basis mainly because of cross-reacting antibodies. Though isolation of the causative organism is the best method for confirmation of brucellosis but it is time consuming. PCR has been