Symptoms Of Chikungunya Fever ( Chikf )

NiV transmission includes many types of forms to transfer from agent to hosts. Infected bats shed the virus via their excretions and secretions such as their urine, excreta, semen, and saliva, despite them being symptomless carriers. While Nipah virus is extremely contagious among hosts such as pigs, goats, and humans, it is primarily best spread through coughing. The leading source of transmission in humans, however, is through direct contact with infected pigs. This explains why pig farmers were much likely to be infected when exposed to ill livestock in 1999. In fact, “ninety percent of the infected people in the 1998-1999 outbreaks were pig farmers or had contact with pigs” (World Health, p.5). How can we prove the emergence of bat-related infections? While several bat species were losing their natural habitats, it made sense that the

Task 1: Be aware of the current health issues in French Polynesia. On the CDC website, it states that as of July 6, 2015 the (PacNet) reported local transmission of chikungunya in several islands in the central and south Pacific Ocean. This means that mosquitoes in the area have been infected with chikungunya. There is currently no vaccine or medicine to prevent chikungunya. The only way to prevent chikungunya is to prevent mosquito bites.

To develop a more complete regional picture of the geographic distribution and incidence of the other clinically important arboviruses in the eastern and western U.S.

According to the CDC (2015), this virus is mainly spread from infected mosquito bites particularly from Culex tritaeniorhynchu. Humans are not part of the transmission cycle; however, pigs and birds are part of the cycle. Therefore, there is increased risk to people who live in close proximity to these

A study of Hong Kong cases revealed that several factors contributed to the spread and treatment of this virus. These included weather, quarantine, personal protective gear, and possibly animal transmission (Lin, Yee-Tak Fong, Zhu, & Karlberg, 2005).

The emergence to zoonosis can be brought on by many factors, in particular, social and cultural habits, changes in pathogen, human and animal demography, and environmental changes or in this case changes in farming practices (Who.int, 2015). As the population of humans continue to expand farmers are spreading in to bat colony territory. Exposure to more of these colonies is bringing about a greater chance of exposure to the Hendra Virus. In early 1996 just two years after the first outbreak of Hendra virus, surveys were conducted to find the reservoir hosts in nature (abcrc.org.au, 2015). After broader investigations antibodies to the Hendra Virus were found in all four types of main land flying fox pteropid species in Australia (abcrc.org.au, 2015). As a natural host the flying foxes do not experience any illness related with the virus. So how was it possible for the bats to transmit the virus to the horses? A hypothesis arose that the infectious outbreaks usually fell within the birthing period of the flying foxes (News-Medical.net, 2009). This was proven true and with sample from bats the Hendra virus antibodies were isolated primarily from the foetal liver, uterine fluid, and foetal lung in 2000 (Microbewiki.kenyon.edu, 2009) .It is now believed that horses contract the virus once they have consumed feed or water contaminated with these reproductive

However, it is believed to have originated from Africa. The source of the virus has also been believed to be many different types of mammals. Some of these mammals include rope squirrels, tree squirrels, Gambian rats, striped mice and primates. The exact reservoir and the nature of virus have yet to be discovered (World Health Organization, 2014).

These vectors become infected via blood meals from an infected host which includes, but is not limited to, ground squirrels, wild mice, wood rats, marmots, deer, coyotes, and sheep. Most human cases occur between the months of March and September, with April through July being the peak months. The virus can be transmitted from person-to-person through blood transfusions and mother-to-infant in pregnant women. Laboratory transmission cases have also been reported. Extended viremia observed in both humans and rodents is attributed to the virus situating itself within red blood cells, which enables the viral particles to evade an immediate immune response. In the United States this virus is included on the list of agents screened prior to bone marrow

A. In the article by Susannah Cullinane it is said that there have been more than 3,000 cases of the virus and more than 2,000 deaths since 1976. (Verbal Citation) B. The region of Gue´cke´dou in Guinea is where the virus started in its recent

Panleukopenia virus in cats infects domestic as well as feral, is a fast- acting, highly contagious viral infection that

Chikungunya outbreaks have been known to occur in five different regions Africa, Asia, Europe and the Indian and Pacific Oceans. In 2013 the first incidents were found in the Americas and since then 45 countries in the Americans have reported cases amounting to over 1.7 million. in the United Sates specifically an average of 28 cases were found between the years 2006-2013 in which the victims had travels from the known outbreak regions. In 2013 the first local transmissions of the virus were found in in cases involving travelers from Florida, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin islands (3,4).

By learning about different viruses in class, it sparked my interest in further researching a common virus known to the word called West Nile virus. Affiliated with the genus Flavivirus, this virus can be transported globally due to being classified as a mosquito-borne arbovirus1. Mosquitoes, belonging to the genus Culex, can facilitate the transportation of this pathogen by consuming the blood of an infected bird, being the main reservoir, and then passing it on to another animal or human1-3. Mosquito activity is at its peak during the months of summer and autumn, therefore these months depict the most cases of West Nile virus4. Humans play no role in the transportation as they are coined dead end hosts due to not being able to produce enough

Throughout the recent transmission of chikungunya, it has affected many countries in Central America and the Caribbean. The ones that are primarily up for discussion include just a few. Some examples of the Central American countries include Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Guatemala(CDC). Some examples of the Caribbean countries would include Anguilla, the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands, Haiti, Jamaica, and many more(CDC). Each of these countries share a major thing in common, all of their economies rely a great amount on Tourism and the people visiting their scenic lands(ABS 1-5). That being said, the negative effects that came to these places with chikungunya can be and already are devastating to these populations.

For many people, being outside in the great outdoors can be very fun and relaxing. It can be a time to get away from your busy schedule, a constant work routine, or simply just to get some fresh air. There are numerous activities and projects an individual could possibly do outside. Including playing sports, hunting, hiking and even just relaxing. Many times though, when people are outside in contact with nature, they are also in contact with various animals. Even though animals can be cute, cuddly and even resourceful, they can still be very dangerous. Animals can be dangerous if they have been exposed to a certain type of virus or disease than can be transferred from animals

A number of studies have supported the theory that the virus had originally occurred in animals previous to human infections.5 The MERs-CoV virus is a type of coronavirus that has been known for infecting both birds and many species of mammals. These types of infections are commonly referred to as zoonotic diseases because the pathogens are able to be transferred from animals to humans. Zoonosis can happen with or without a vector in order to spread the infection. Although the exact origin of the MERs-CoV infections is unknown, there has been convincing research performed that has found related types of coronaviruses in bats and camels. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the coronavirus is found in multiple species and can cause respiratory illness and gastrointestinal upset.