Syncope Definition

* Cerebrovascular Disease: More commonly known as stroke cerebrovascular disease can be cause by either a colt or blockage that cuts off blood flow to a part of the brain or by haemorrhage. In both cases there is damage or death of the brain tissue that can cause paralysis, speech disorder, swallowing problems and immobility. People with diabetes and high blood pressure are at higher risk of stroke.

As mentioned above, strokes are pathophysiological changes. Ischemia which accounts for 87% of all strokes is a decrease or absent circulating blood which deprives neurons of necessary substrates. As there is no storage of glucose in the brain it leaves no opportunity for the chief ingredient for energy substrate and is incapable of anaerobic metabolism (Shah, MD, n.d.). Ischemia is a medical condition diagnosed when tissues do not have a sufficient oxygen supply, therefor resulting in a decrease in ATP energy, leading to necrosis of tissue. Decreased oxygen supply to tissue (ischemia) is caused by a blockage in an artery mainly from an embolism. An embolism is the breakage of an atherosclerosis formed in any coronary arteries. This floats freely in the blood stream, which eventually may plug a major artery in the brain (stroke), heart (MI) or lungs (lung failure). A thrombus occurs when an already

combined could be a very possibly be the reason for the cerebrovascular accidents suffered by

Convulsions. These are episodes of uncontrollable movements caused by sudden, intense tightening (contraction) of the muscles.

During the study the patient had moderate leg movements with little to no related arousals. The patient slept in the supine postion as well as alternating from his right to left sides. Light snoring was observed late into the study. The patient did not meet criteria for CPAP therapy due to not achieve enough events. Although he did have some hypopneic

* Numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body (Hemiparesis)

A CVA is a neurologic emergency that occurs when a blood vessel carrying oxygen and nutrients to the brain is either blocked by a clot (ischemic stroke) or bursts (hemorrhagic stroke). A CVA may also be referred to as a “brain attack.” As reported by Quick Reference to Occupational Therapy (2014), a physical exam of the patient leads the physician to suspect a CVA and to gauge impairments on a functional scale through confirmation from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), cerebral angiography, or electroencephalography (EEG). Blood tests for bleeding and clotting disorders may also be performed. Cardiac monitoring may show atrial fibrillation or other arrhythmias (Reed, 2014).

Hyperperfusion with resultant disruption of the blood brain barrier results in vasogenic edema, but not infarction, most commonly in the parieto-occipital region. The term PRES can be a misnomer as the syndrome can involve or extend beyond the posterior cerebrum. Furthermore, although most cases involve a resolution of changes with the treatment of the precipitating cause and clinical recovery some patients can progress to develop permanent cerebral injury and be left with residual neurological defects

What is POTS? Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) is a type of dysautonomia1 that affects numerous people around the world. When diagnosing POTS, a Tilt Table test is frequently used and the heart rate of the patient must increase by 30 beats per minute (bpm) or more, or be over 120 bpm, within the first 10 minutes of being placed in the vertical position from the supine position and with an absence of orthostatic hypotension2. Patients affected with POTS may have symptoms that range in severity. Although many POTS patients are able to continue with typical activities, some POTS patients are not able to. For others that are not able to fulfill a normal life, symptoms may be so severe that everyday activities such as bathing, eating, walking, or standing can be difficult or impossible. POTS patients have trouble changing positions because there is decreased blood flow to the brain. When there is decreased blood flow to the brain, it can cause severe dizziness and fainting (Garland). “Many people, who have POTS, experience presyncope. During presyncope episodes, symptoms are similar to a faint but no loss of consciousness is experienced” (Pots-). POTS patients can also have severe pain that is debilitating. Sometimes POTS patients will have other diseases or complications along with POTS that disables them.

"Epilepsy: MedlinePlus." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Web. 30 July 2015.

Berit Brogaard defines a psychological disorder as “psychological dysfunction in an individual that is associated with distress or impairment and a reaction that is not culturally expected.” (Brogaard). Synesthesia is a neurological condition more than a psychological disorder as it does not inhibit mental functions. Synesthesia is a condition in which a trigger of one sense would result in a response from another sense. Synesthesia is involuntary and is not something that a person can just choose to have. The reactions are the same every time and are highly vivid and memorable. The condition dates back to Ancient Greece where synesthetes would write about their condition. Scientists first began to examine it in the early 1800s, but did not

Sudden cardiac arrest is a condition in which the heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating. When this occurs the blood flow stops to the brain and vital organs. Sudden cardiac arrest is not the same as a heart attack or myocardial infarction. A heart attack is when the blood flow to part of the heart is blocked.(ADD MORE)

Vasoplegic syndrome is a severe vasodilatory shock characterised by hypotension, tachycardia, normal or elevated cardiac output, decrease in systemic vascular resistance, poor or no response to fluid resuscitation and vasopressor administration [1]. Though it is commonly seen during cardiac surgery, it is also been reported during non cardiac surgery [2,3]. The incidence of vasoplegic syndrome is 8-10% in cardiac surgery [4], and its risk factors include intravenous heparin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, renin angiotensin system antagonists, protamine use, myocardial dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, presence of pre-cardiopulmonary bypass hemodynamic instability, increased duration of cardiopulmonary bypass and ventricular device insertion [5]. We present a case of successful management of vasoplegic syndrome the developed perioperatively following Whipple’s procedure.

The simulated nervous system is the system which controls body movements. The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system which controls unconscious body actions. The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the body basically to go or not to go. Micturition or also post-micturition syncope is more common and it happens after urinating due to a severe drop in blood

What is Syncope? Syncope is the medical term for fainting or passing out with having a quick recovery time. In majority of cases syncope is often a side effect of a bigger health problem. According to the Cleveland Clinic, “Syncope is a sudden drop in blood pressure, a drop-in heart rate, or changes in the