Synovial Joints

Cartilage tissue is a smooth, firm substance that protects ends of the bones from friction during movement and they can be found at the end of our bones in mobile joints, the front ends of the ribs, also in parts of our nose and ears.

12. What are the 3 types of cartilage and where would you find each type?

Figure 8.1 Using Figure 8.1, match the following: 1) Periosteum. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 251; Fig. 8.3 2) Articular cartilage. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 251; Fig. 8.3 3) Joint (synovial) cavity. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 251; Fig. 8.3 4) Synovial membrane. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 251; Fig. 8.3

9. Hyaline cartilage is found on many joint surfaces, it has a very firm consistency. It contains no nerves or blood vessels, and its structure is relatively simple. Elastic cartilage, also called yellow cartilage, is present in the ears; it contains elastic fiber networks and collagen fibers. Fibrocartilage is found in the pubic symphysis, the annulus firbrosus of the intervertebral discs, menisci and the TMJ. During labor, the pubic symphysis is loosened to aid in delivery.

The articular cartilage is a connective tissue that covers the part of the epiphysis where the bone comes together to form a joint, also known as an articulation. Articular cartilage allows bones to glide over each other creating very little friction and also makes it easier for

The slide below shows a section of the trachea (windpipe).  Rings of hyaline cartilage embedded within the walls of the trachea provide support and help to maintain an open airway.  Hyaline cartilage is the most common form of cartilage in the body, making up part of the nose, connecting ribs to the sternum, and covering the articulating surfaces of bones. When sectioned and stained, the matrix of hyaline cartilage takes on a light purple color.  Cartilage-forming cells called chondroblasts produce this matrix, which  consists of an amorphous ground substance heavily invested with collagen fibers. Chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells) can be seen singly or in groups within spaces (called lacunae) in

For the human joint anatomy project, our group decided to research and construct the elbow joint. The following is a report and summary of the project including roles taken, challenges faced, solutions derived, and ultimately, contribution and experiences of both partners.

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease. It’s where flexible tissues in the end of the bones wear down. It mostly occurs in knees, hips, lower back, fingers, and the neck. In Osteoarthritis, the cartilage in the bone breaks down which causes pain, swelling, and problems in moving the joint. When it worsens over time, one can get spurs, where bones break down and develop growths. Even though this can occur in anyone, ones who are over the age of 65 will most likely get Osteoarthritis. Some risk factors will include the increasing of age, obesity, genes, weak joint muscles, previous joint injury, and the overuse of the joint in the body. Some related signs/symptoms can be swelling around a joint, stiff joint, and/or having a clicking sound

The knee is one of the largest and most complex joints in the body. The knee has two joints the tibia (shin bone) joins the femur (thigh bone) this joint is known as the tibiofemoral joint the second joint is called patellofemoral which are joins between the kneecap and the femur. The patellofemoral and tibiofemoral works together to form the synovial hinge joint this hinge joint allows the knee to rotate a little and move side to side, it also allows the knee to be straight and bend. When standing the thigh (femur) and shin bone (tibia) locks together to form a firm component; when sitting the two bones hardly touch each other. According to HealthPages, there are five main parts of the knee joints which are bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilages

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system protects the body’s health by attacking unknown substances like bacteria and viruses, and mistakenly attacks the body’s joints. This creates inflammation causing the tissue that lines the inside of joints to thicken, which results in swelling and pain in and around the joints. The tissue makes a fluid that lubricates joints and helps them move smoothly. If inflammation goes unchecked, it can damage cartilage, the elastic tissue that covers the ends of bones in a joint, as well as the bones themselves. Over time, there is loss of cartilage, and the joint spacing between bones may become smaller. Joints can become

Osteoarthritis is a known joint disease and also a common arthritis. This pathological condition results from wear and tear on the joints. It begins in the cartilage where it’s smooth, slippery tissue covers the ends of the bones as they come together. As this condition worsens, the joint space becomes narrower and becomes flattened. The joints no longer have cushions and it becomes rough to where the bones are rubbing against each other.

Unlike the knee, the articular cartilage of the ankle is uniform in thickness, measuring from 1 to 1.7mm, and displays much higher compressive stiffness than hip or knee cartilage (10,11,19,20). Ankle cartilage may develop fissures attributable to wear; this conditions does not progress to OA as it wound in the knee or hip (10,11,19, 20). Ankle cartilage also does not decrease in tensile strength with age (10,11,19-21). Compared to the hip and knee, ankle chondrocytes have different biomechanical and biologic factors to resist degradation, especially inflammatory markers. Ankle chondrocytes have decreased sensitivity to Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), in particular MMP-8 that is usually elevated in OA (10,11,19, 20, 22). As a result, the ankle joint is unlikely to succumb to damage by inflammatory changes

The type of joint that is chronically affected is the synovial joint. The bones that are at a synovial joint are covered by articular cartilage; which reduces friction and absorbs shock. The space between the articulating bones is

The knee is a hinge-type, diarthrotic, or freely moveable joint. Also referred to as a synovial joint, the 2 articulating ends of bone are encased in a capsule that lubricates the joint with synovial fluid to reduce friction.

Synovial joints are the most common joints in the skeletal system and are also known as the freely moveable joints. They are not directly connected which is why it allows a great amount of movement. As with most other joints in the body, synovial joints achieve more movements. The synovial joints consist of six different types of joints.