Synthesis And Characterization Of Hap / Mgo Nanocomposite For Biomedical Applications

"Several medical companies are developing new porous coatings for implants that promote and increase bone ingrowth and reduce bone shielding effects by the use of titanium-based foams or scaffolds," he explained. "Today's technology works by plasmaspraying the powder onto the implant.

Osteoblast- cells which build bone by removing calcium and phosphates form the blood in the presence of the enzymes alkaline phosphates secrete by

The skeletal system, while appearing inert at first glance, is a dynamic organ responsible for a number of vital functions in the body; including but not limited to providing protection and support to other organ systems, as well as permitting movement through collaboration with the muscular system. At the cellular level, bone provides a reservoir of growth factors and cytokines, maintains the acid-base balance and mineral homeostasis, and is the site of hematopoeisis. Like other connective tissue, bone has both a cellular and an extracellular matrix component. The matrix is made up of collagen fibers and noncollagenous proteins, with type I collagen accounting for ~90% of total protein, and the noncollagenous osteocalcin, osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein, and others making up the other 10%. In contrast with other connective tissue, the extracellular matrix of bone is mineralized physiologically, though the deposition of layers of carbonated hydroxyapatite. This mineral component, making up 50-70% of bone, provides bone 's characteristic mechanical rigidity and strength (Clarke 2008). Elasticity and flexibility are due to the organic matrix, which makes up another 20-40%, lending bone incredible resilience without compromising its strength, and another 5-10% of bone is water.

Another component of bone and teeth is phosphorous and calcium, with calcium being required for blood clotting along with aiding in the contraction of muscles.

Hydroxyapatite is a chemical in teeth that makes them much harder than boned. Because of this teeth do not decay, and therefore under certain conditions are still present many million years after the bones have diminished.

Natural bone tissue possesses a nanocomposite structure that provides appropriate physical and biological properties. For bone tissue regeneration, it is crucial for the biomaterial to mimic living bone tissue. Since no single type of material is able to mimic the composition, structure and properties of native bone, nanocomposites are the best choice for bone tissue regeneration as they can provide the appropriate matrix environment, integrate desirable biological properties, and provide controlled, sequential delivery of multiple growth factors for the different stages of bone tissue regeneration. Bioactive polymer/hydroxyapatite (nano) composites are currently being intensively investigated as materials for promotion of bone tissue regeneration

In 2011, Professor Susmita Bose, of Washington State University, modified a ProMetal 3D printer to bind chemicals to a ceramic powder, creating intricate scaffolds that promote the growth of bone in any shape. Prof. Bose’s goal is to, one day, be able to implant the bone scaffold with bone growth factors in such a way that the implant is dissolved by natural bone material in even load-bearing bone structures.

Mineralogical composition for the bulk samples powder were determined using X-ray diffraction (Philips X-ray diffraction equipment model PW/171) with monochromator, Cu k -á radiation (1.542 =גÅ) at 40 kV and 35 mA at X-ray diffraction lab, Physics Department, Assiut Faculty of Science, Egypt. The patterns were recorded from 4 to 90°2è. In addition, reflection peaks were between 4 and 902Ѳ, of 0.06◦/min speed. Corresponding spacing (d,Å) and the relative intensities (I/I°) were also obtained [Moore and Reynolds,1997].

Throughout life the skeletal system is constantly changing. Bone modeling, formation and growth of bones, occurs from birth to early adulthood resulting in increase in skeletal mass and changes in skeletal form. Naturally the peak bone mass is achieved in the third decade of life, meaning the bones are at their strongest state in human development. Bone remodeling, a response to micro trauma and stress on the bone, is a dynamic process that also occurs through life. Bone is composed of collagen type 1, a protein, minerals such as calcium and phosphate and bone forming cells (osteoblasts and osteocytes) as wells as bone resorbing cells known as osteoclasts. Calcium is a main contributor of bone strength. In fact 99% of calcium is stored in bones and teeth with one percent remaining in the blood. The process of bone remodeling is activated by stressors such as weight bearing and is necessary to maintain bone mass in an adult. It’s a dynamic process in which bone resorption is always

The bone is hard, made up of collagen together with inorganic substances like calcium, magnesium and phosphorus.

In order to explore novel physical properties and phenomena and realize potential applications of nanostructures and nanomaterials, the ability to fabricate and process nanomaterials and nanostructures is the first corner stone in nanotechnology. There exist a number of methods to synthesize the nanomaterials, which are categorized in two techniques “top down and bottom up”. Solid state route, ball milling comes in the category of top down approach, while wet chemical routes like sol-gel, co-precipitation, etc. come in the category of bottom up approach. Secondly, characterization of nanomaterials is necessary to analyze their various properties. Therefore, this chapter describes the various methods of synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials. Characterization techniques include XRD, SEM, TEM, EDAX, UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, etc.

The device is medical grade calcium phosphate composed by 20% hydroxyapatite and 80% tricalcium phosphate.

Different types of osteobiologic materials include: metal-based, ceramic-based and polymer-based bone graft substitutes either with or without various types of cells. Some of these materials may have various bioactive molecules such as growth factors embedded in them [47], [48-52] for example: BMP-2 [53-55], TGF-b [54], GDF-5 [56, 57] and VEGF [58] or a mixture [57], since these growth factors are among of the multiple factors expressed during bone regeneration [59-61]. Such materials have been investigated widely in literature[62], [63] to exhibit specific responses. Calcium phosphate showed osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties in the form of sintered ceramics [64-67], cements [68, 69], and coatings [70, 71]. Besides calcium phosphate

The worldwide incidence of bone disorders and conditions has trended steeply upward and is expected to double by 2020, especially in populations where aging is coupled with increased obesity and poor physical activity. Engineered bone tissue has been viewed as a potential alternative to the conventional use of bone grafts, due to their limitless supply and no disease transmission. However, bone tissue engineering practices have not proceeded to clinical practice due to several limitations or challenges. Bone tissue engineering aims to induce new functional bone regeneration via the synergistic combination of biomaterials, cells, and factor therapy. In this review, we discuss the fundamentals of bone tissue engineering, highlighting the current

Osseous tissue contains specialized cells, cell products, and a fluid matrix. The distinctive solid, stony nature of bone results from the deposition of calcium salts within the matrix. Crystals of calcium phosphate account for almost two-thirds of the weight of the bone. The majority of