Essay On Styrene Synthesis Process

7. Plan: Each student in a group of three will work to purify the product of the reaction with cis-stilbene, trans-stilbene, or styrene. The crude products will be purified through recrystallization. This purification process will be performed several times. When the recrystallization is complete, a vacuum filtration will be executed to filter out the crystals. An NMR spectrum will be taken of the recrystallized product.

It has been documented that substance P interacts with peroxisome proliferator- activated receptors- gamma (PPAR-γ). Substance P decreases the level of PPAR γ that reduces the survival of neurons.[8] PPAR- γ decreases the level of proinflammatory mediators[9], increase development and growth of brain size and increase level of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression.[39] ChAT is involved in synthesis and formation of acetylcholine by catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group from the acetyl-CoA to choline yielding acetylcholine (ACh).[10] Substance P decreases the PPAR-γ level which upregulate inflammatory mediator level and reduces synthesis and formation of acetylcholine resulting in neurodegeneration.

Extraction and Recrystallization The purpose of this experiment was to separate an acid, base, and neutral component from 30 mL of ethyl acetate and 1 gram of unknown through two separatory techniques. The two separatory procedures used were extraction and recrystallization. Extraction is used because it is an important method to purify solids and remove any impurities that might have appeared when pouring chemicals or not cleaning the glassware correctly.

word: the finished answers are all 50 or 25 ml. upload the hexane until the solution reaches the desired extent.

The purpose of this lab is to find the oxidation state of manganese for the synthesis of manganese (?) chloride, and to complete the naming of the compound. The discovery of the charge of manganese in the ionic compound will be used to further the analysis of the reaction. The lab requires performing the chemical reaction of synthesizing manganese metal and hydrochloric acid. The laboratory techniques required to find the oxidation state will include qualitative observation, collecting quantitative data, gravimetric analysis, unit conversions, and stoichiometry.

For the first part of the experiment the fractionating column was set up and a 25-mL sample of toluene and ethyl acetate was prepared and placed into a round beaker. The Bunsen burner was turned on and the mixture was heated to a boil. The vapor from the boiling mixture condensed in the condenser and was collected in a 50-ml graduated cylinder. As the first drop of substance was collected the temperature at that instant was recorded and corresponded with the first 1-mL of substance collected. For volumes 1-mL through 5-mL the amount was estimated as the substance filled the graduated cylinder. The mixture was heated until the graduated cylinder was filled up to 15-mL. For the second part of the experiment simple distillation was used. The process

1. Kindly give synthesis /summary of this article in no more than 15 sentences ( 20 points )

The column is covered with a foam insulating sleeve before it connects to a vacuum. Steel wool lets the cyclohexane and toluene mixture separate into their individual components when moving up the column. Due to cyclohexane’s lower boiling point in comparison with toluene, the former will vaporize first. As a result, as the temperature continually remain within 1 degree of an initial distillate point, cyclohexane will distill out. When the temperature begins to increase, the first fraction is set aside, and a new receiver replaces its position for the second distillate with toluene and cyclohexane as the temperature rapidly increases. When the temperature stabilizes again, the receiver end is replaced with a new one to collect toluene as the third and final fraction. Quantitative analysis regarding the retention time and peak areas of the fractions of distillates were evaluated with gas chromatography, a technique involving the investigation of volatile substances in the gas phase.5 Comparisons with theoretical standards in the same instrument makes classification of the compounds

As the distillate was obtained from the steam distillation, several liquid-liquid extractions with methylene chloride were performed in separatory funnels to separate the aqueous water layer from the organic layer. The formation of two distinct layers occurred because the two liquids are immiscible and will not mix together because of their solubility and density differences. The organic methylene chloride layer formed the bottom layer, because it is more dense than water forcing the aqueous water layer to the top. The organic layer at the bottom was dispensed into a flask, leaving the aqueous layer in the funnel to perform two additional washes. The next extractions were done using ether and the remaining organic layer liquid from the flask. Ether is less dense than water so the organic ether layer formed the top layer and the aqueous layer formed at the bottom.

For this purpose, to optimize the reaction conditions for the synthesis of compound 3a, the condensation reaction of benzaldehyde (1 mmol) and 2-naphthol (2 mmol) was test using different amounts of silica-supported 1-(2-sulfooxy)ethyl)1H-pyridine-1-ium-chloride as a Brønsted acid ionic liquid catalyst under solvent- and metal-free conditions at ambient temperature (Table 1). As it can be seen in Table 1, when reaction was carried out in the absence of the silica-supported 1-(2-sulfooxy)ethyl)1H-pyridine-1-ium-chloride, after 120 minute the reaction was without yield of product (Table 1, entry 1). The best results were achieved when 20 mol% of the silica-supported 1-(2-sulfooxy)ethyl)1H-pyridine-1-ium-chloride was appropriate to promote the

In this experiment were used three separation techniques: extraction, sublimation and recrystallization. During the first method, 0.70 g sample of salicylic acid-naphthalene mixture was dissolved in 10 ml of diethyl ether. The solution was placed in a separatory funnel and 10 ml of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution was added to it. After the initial gas was

In conclusion, the results of the experiments in this lab determined many properties of the unknown compound, produced a successful synthesis reaction, and clearly showed that both the unknown compound and the product compound were sodium acetate. The solubility, anion/cation, flame, pH, and acidification tests all returned results that were consistent with those expected from sodium acetate, both for the unknown compound and for the product compound. In addition, this was directly shown in the comparative anion/cation and flame tests to contrast sodium acetate with other compounds. The synthesis reaction produced 0.972 grams, which was 94 % of the expected yield, and indicated that the reaction was successful. This was confirmed by a pH, flame, and acidification test that all produced results with the same properties as sodium acetate.

Naphthalene and benzoic acid are two compounds studied in this experiment. Sodium benzoate is also an important substance involved in the separation process.

Synthesis gas is a versatile intermediate feedstock for fuel and value added chemical synthesis. It is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in various ratios. The composition of synthesis gas can be widely varied, depending on the synthesis processes and the composition of the raw materials, i.e. their hydrogen-to-carbon ratios and their reactivity’s. Synthesis gas can be produced not only from natural gas, petroleum, petroleum derivatives, or coals but also from almost any organic material, including biomass and organic wastes [1]. Synthesis gas have been synthesizing for many years in commercial level. There are number of stablished techniques used in industries to produce synthesis gas depending on the downstream requirements. Because of its adaptable nature synthesis gas has a variety of uses. The carbon monoxide in synthesis gas can all be converted to hydrogen via the water-gas shift reaction and again carbon monoxide in high purity can be obtained by low-temperature (cryogenic) separation or absorption in aqueous copper salt solutions.

Table 1 shows the general advantages and disadvantages of coprocessing. As shown in the table, if an excipient has certain limitation such as poor flowability and compressibility, coprocessing could be the solution to overcome this problem. On the other hand, coprocessed excipients ratio is fixed and can’t be changed. Sometimes this ratio may be incompatible with the API or with the dose [2].