Synthesis Of Alcohol Lab Report

Alcoholism can take a toll on a person’s body, it can affect the mind, heart and most well known the liver. Alcohol can interfere with the brain’s ability to function, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a long term effect on the brain that can cause lack of coordination as well as learning and memory problems. Alcohol also effects the heart, it can cause cardiomyopathy which is the stretching and drooping of the heart muscles, stroke, irregular heart beat and even high blood pressure. The liver is the most known organ to be affected, cirrhosis of the liver is when the alcohol consumed over time leads to the healthy liver

Alcohol is a depressant that affects every part of your body because once it’s consumed, twenty percent is absorbed in the stomach and eighty percent is absorbed in the small intestine. Excessive use of alcohol could cause other health problems such as, arthritis, cancer, heart disease, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, kidney disease, liver disease, nervous disorders, obesity and psychological disturbances. Alcohol related liver disease is a major cause of death in the United States.

When people drink alcohol, it is absorbed into their bloodstream. It affects the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), which controls virtually all body functions. Alcohol is a depressant, which means it slows the function of the central nervous system. Alcohol blocks some of the messages trying to get to the brain, which alters a person's perceptions, emotions, movement, vision, and hearing. In very small amounts, alcohol can help a person feel more relaxed

The second oxidative pathway involved in metabolising ethanol induced by individuals who chronically consume alcohol, is the microsomal ethanol oxidising system (MEOS), which involves a cytochrome P450, to be specific, the CYP2E1 isozyme, which is mainly present in the microsome and requires the electron carrier NADPH+ instead of NAD+ as for ADH (4). The induction of CYP2E1 by excessive alcohol consumption plays a vital role in metabolizing ethanol to acetaldehyde at elevated levels of ethanol concentrations (2, 3, 4). In addition to CYP2E1, inducing ethanol oxidation in the liver, CYP2E1¬ dependent ethanol oxidation may also occur in other tissues, such as the brain, where there is low levels of ADH activity. CYP2E1 also produces ROS, which increase the risk of tissue damage. Induction of the MEOS pathways, which involves CYP2E1, can lead to the production

Prenatal exposure to alcohol can cause profound amounts of birth defects and mental retardation. Drinking alcohol is composed of ethanol, a flammable liquid, which is made by fermentation. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, alcohol can affect different parts of the human body such as the brain, heart, liver, pancreas, the immune system, and plays a role in cancer (NIH, n.d.). In the brain, alcohol can intervene in communication pathways, which affects how the brain works. Alcohol can cause many different heart defects and disorders such as cardiomyopathy, irregular heartbeats, stroke, high blood pressure and in some cases heart attack. Alcohol proves to be very damaging to the liver, especially in alcoholism. In many cases, the liver turns into scar tissue causing fibrosis and cirrhosis. Other liver problems can include having a fatty liver and alcoholic hepatitis. Alcohol-induced fatty liver disease, the first stage of alcohol-induced liver disease, occurs when fat is depositing in liver cells. Alcoholic hepatitis is very similar to fatty liver disease, although it presents with inflammation and scarring of the liver. Many alcoholic’s liver becomes so scarred that it is irreversible, which is called alcoholic cirrhosis. Alcoholic cirrhosis is the most progressive form of alcohol-related liver disease and presents as severe scarring, with termination of normal liver structure. The pancreas is also affected by long-term

A great proportion of alcohol metabolism occurs in the liver; this is also the primary location of the production of glucose from the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis) or from the breakdown of non-carbohydrate sources - amino acids, pyruvate, glycerol (gluconeogenesis). Alcohol is detoxified and removed from the blood through a process called oxidation. Oxidation prevents the alcohol from accumulating and destroying cells and organs. Alcohol is metabolised by an enzyme in the liver cells known as alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). ADH and ALDH oxidise ethanol into acetate. First ADH breaks down alcohol into acetaldehyde and then another enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) rapidly breaks down acetaldehyde into acetate. Acetate is further metabolised and eventually leaves the body as carbon dioxide and water. This oxidation process consumes 2 NAD+ generating 2 NADH. The high concentration of excess NADH produced inhibits gluconeogenesis by preventing the oxidation of lactate to pyruvate. Instead, it causes the reverse reaction to occur, resulting in lactate to accumulate – this can result in acidosis (lactic acid build-up) and hypoglycaemia from the lack of glucose produced. Pyruvate is the first designated substrate of the gluconeogenesis process which can then be used to synthesise glucose, hence why when alcohol is inhibited, gluconeogenesis doesn’t

Cirrhosis is known as a chronic disease of the liver. Cirrhosis usually develops when the scar tissue replaces normal, healthy tissue in the liver. It tends to happen whenever healthy cells are damaged over a long amount of time, usually for many years. However, the scar tissue makes the liver lumpy and hard, after a while, the organs will start to fail and the scar tissue makes it tough for the blood to get through a large vein (the portal vein) that goes into the liver. Occasionally when the blood backs up into the portal vein, it can get into the spleen (an abdominal organ involved in the production and removal of blood cells) and can really cause trouble. What causes this is other liver conditions or diseases the person may already have, which includes an (alcohol-related liver disease) by drinking too much alcohol for many years non-stop. It causes fat and inflammation in the liver. The amount of alcohol that it takes to hurt the liver is different for everyone.

The Sulfotransferase metabolism is very important in Phase II detoxification, which is responsible for the detoxification of many compounds. Some of these compounds are phenols, amines, sulfide, salicylates, food additives, and many other toxic molecules as well as nutritious foods considered to be very healthy. Malfunction of the Phenol-Sulfotransferase (PST) enzyme can cause an overload

According to the Clinical nutrition the possible causes of damage to the liver would be alcohol it can ruin your tissue damage around the liver. But there is Clinical Relationships many researchers do claim that the body detoxicates is strongly influenced by drugs and alcohol, they have body detoxification system influences the way alcohol acts and are metabolized. Alcohol damages cellular activities , the physical consequences become much apparent , when people become dehydrated after drinking so much alcohol and very malnourished and there alcohol trouble start to bring out both short and long term

Alcohol, like many other drugs, is dose dependent, readily absorbed, and widely distributed. As a result, alcohol affects many organ systems of the body, including the central nervous system (CNS). Alcohol is easily absorbed, is soluble across all biological membranes, and does not bind to any plasma proteins. There is no place in our bodies where alcohol cannot reach. Alcohol absorption occurs between 80-90 minutes, and is affected by whether or not someone has eaten, as this will affect the speed at which the alcohol enters the blood stream. Alcohol is metabolized similarly to food. Approximately 85% of ingested alcohol is metabolized by the liver, 5-10% is metabolized in the stomach, and approximately 5% is excreted, unchanged, through sweat and the lungs. Men metabolize alcohol faster than women. This is due to the fact that women have 50% less enzymes in the stomach that metabolize alcohol than men, and the fact that women have more body fat than men. The blood supply to fat is much less than that found in muscles. Therefore, alcohol does not get metabolized as quickly in individuals with a higher fat content. When alcohol is metabolized, acetaldehyde, a poisonous byproduct, is formed. Alcohol dehydrogenase breaks down alcohol into acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase further breaks down the poisonous acetaldehyde into acetic acid. Some ethnicities, such as some Asian groups, have less active acetaldehyde dehydrogenase leading to a buildup of

This lab investigates the question what is the effect of cinnamon, baking powder, and baking soda in the rate of cellular respiration? Fermentation is the chemical breakdown of substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation

Liver disease and failure are also associated with alcohol abuse. An inefficient liver will make it more difficult for the kidneys to properly function. This will cause the kidneys to work harder, which will lead to dehydration and unpleasant sensations. Liver disease may be caused by alcohol consumption or other influences. If you have liver problems for any reason, then do not consume alcohol.

​The human body consists of five vital organs. The functionality of the heart, the lungs, the brain, the liver and the kidneys are crucial for existence. Damaging any of these organs can result in death. All of the organs in the human body have their own functions that ultimately interact with the others. Therefore, if one organ fails, others will eventually fail as well. Nurturing the human body is imperative and prevention of anything that might cause damage to these important organs is essential in order to live a long and healthy life. The use of drugs, cigarettes and alcohol are some of the causes of how people damage their bodies. The following paper will explain the damages of alcohol abuse on the human liver.

The Health concerns of consuming alcohol are unacceptable. Because you are consuming, sometimes unsafe, amounts of alcohol your liver is affected by it. Alcohol damages liver cells and your liver is an important organ with a role in your body. It also causes heart disease. It raises your blood pressure and when your blood pressure rises, then you have a chance of heart attack or stroke. Blood pressure can also make you gain weight.

Prenatal exposure to alcohol can cause profound amounts of birth defects and mental retardation. Drinking alcohol is composed of ethanol, a flammable liquid, which is made by fermentation. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, alcohol can affect different parts of the human body such as the brain, heart, liver, pancreas, the immune system, and plays a role in cancer (NIH, n.d.). In the brain, alcohol can intervene in communication pathways, which affects how the brain works. Alcohol can cause many different heart defects and disorders such as cardiomyopathy, irregular heartbeats, stroke, high blood pressure and in some cases heart attack. Alcohol proves to be very damaging to the liver, especially in alcoholism. In many cases, the liver turns into scar tissue causing fibrosis and cirrhosis. Other liver problems can include having a fatty liver and alcoholic hepatitis. Alcohol-induced fatty liver disease, the first stage of alcohol-induced liver disease, occurs when fat is depositing in liver cells. Alcoholic hepatitis is very similar to fatty liver disease, although it presents with inflammation and scarring of the liver. Many alcoholic’s liver becomes so scarred that it is irreversible, which is called alcoholic cirrhosis. Alcoholic cirrhosis is the most progressive form of