Synthesis Of Polyethylene Lab Report

Polymers a large molecules made up of a chain of smaller molecules, known as monomers. The monomers that a polymer is made up of decide its structure and therefore it's function. These monomers are linked and coiled in a very specific manor giving the polymer a specific tertiary structure (an extensively coiled and linked polymer chain caused as a result of the formation of more bonds forming). This tertiary structure is crucial to the function of a polymer as it denotes the necessary shape of the complementary molecule. This is easier explained through an example.

This latter indicator of size is called the degree of polymerization, DP. The relative molar mass of the polymer is thus the product of the relative molar mass of the repeat units and the DP. There is no clear cut boundary between polymer chemistry and the rest of chemistry. As a very rough guide, molecules of relative molar mass of at least 1000 or a DP of at least 100 are considered to fall into the domain of polymer chemistry. The vast majority of polymers in commercial use are organic in nature, that is they are based on covalent compounds of carbon. This is also true of the silicones which, though based on silicone-oxygen backbone, also generally contain significant proportions of hydrocarbon groups. The other elements involved in polymer chemistry most commonly include hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, fluorine, phosphorous, and sulfur, i.e. those elements which are able to form covalent bonds, albeit of some polarity, with

Polyethylene is a thermoplastic polymer consisting of long chains of the monomer ethylene and is abbreviated as PE. Polyethylene consists of the two chemical elements hydrogen and carbon. PE is created through the polymerization of ethene and is classified into several categories based primarily on its density and branching of its molecular structure and weight.

Polyester fibers are produced from a chemical reaction between an acid and an alcohol. When this reaction occurs two or more molecules combine to make a large molecule in which the structure repeats itself throughout its length. Polyester fibers commonly form very long molecules that are very sturdy and strong (Madehow, 2016).

When Fawcett and Gibson were experimenting with gasses that were under large amounts of pressure, they noticed a wax-like material that formed at the bottom of their test tube. This was very similar to Pechmann’s observation made in 1899. This time, however, Fawcett and Gibson noticed that this wax-like material could be formed into any shape that one could make. This property is what made polyethylene so unique from all other substances. Since this property of polyethylene was rediscovered in 1933, the number of uses of the material has only been increasing. Only two years after its “molding” property was discovered, the material began to be used for industrial purposes (Sharp 18). One of the first uses of polyethylene was in “the first round-the-world telephone cable” (Sharp 18). Some of the other materials that were made with polyethylene shortly after it was rediscovered included the following: “soda bottles [1933], milk jugs [1933], shopping bags [1933], children’s toys, particularly ‘Silly Putty’ [1949], and Velcro [1957]” (Bell

Biopolymers are polymers (large molecules, consisting of many repeated subunits) produced by living organisms also known as organic polymers. An example of this is starch, which by chance is one of the most commonly used raw materials in creating Polylactic acid. DNA and RNA are both examples of Biopolymers that have been constructed from nucleotides.

The purpose of this lab is to gain a greater understanding of the reactions between aldehydes and amines and of their usefulness in synthesis and biology.The lab is divided into 3 steps, the first step is imine formation, second step is reduction of the imine, and the last step is acylation of the imine. The imine formed is a primary imine, the first two steps of the lab make up reductive amination1.

In the last decade, plastic pollution has affected the environment and the human health at a higher rate. A lot of situations experienced across the globe have attracted a lot of attention concerning the use of plastic in daily life. Plastic materials that we use every day in everything which is detrimental to the environment has perhaps turned to be the most dumped waste material because it does not decompose quickly. Based on the recent research plastic takes hundreds of years to foul up (Gregory, 2009). Pollution bags consist of the polymers large molecules with repeating units known as the monomers. These complex chains of polymers have changed the daily human life because its uses are randomly increasing every year.

Additionally, some inorganic elements have some level of toxicity for the environment follows with the low natural abundance. Thereby, in the present scenario it is unrealistic to enable a widespread use of thermoelectric installations forwaste heat recovery.However, organic electronic materials,especially conducting polymers (i.e. basing on abundant elements, light weight, low-cost large-area flexible and non-toxic), start to draw attention asmore economical alternatives to conventional TE materials [19 – 21].

A typical polymer is a very ductile, cheap, and light material that cannot handle high temperatures or electrical conductivity. Polymers are generally used for plastic bags and bottles, crates, toys, and insulation on electrical cables. Electrical conductivity is usually found only in metals because of its small to nonsexist band gap between the filled and empty bands. Electrons are able to move freely between the bands which is the current allowing everything to work. Polymers have a large enough band gap that makes it very difficult for electrons to go between the bands. Large amounts of energy would be needed to force electrons across this gap. However, with the addition

Man-made polymers (also known as synthetic polymers) have been studied since 1832. Today, the polymer industry has grown to be larger than the aluminum, copper and steel industries combined. Some of these synthetic polymers are include foam rubber, disposable diapers, plastic cups, garden hoses, nylon, plastic wrap, etc. Polymers already have a range of applications that far exceeds that of any other class of material available to man. Current applications extend from adhesives, coatings, foams, and packaging materials to textile and industrial fibers, composites, electronic devices, biomedical devices, optical devices, and precursors for many newly developed high-tech ceramics.

Synthetic chemistry is a study were we can make man made chemical compounds as there are several types of it they include polymers which divides into several topics such as polyester Polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene which all have different properties and aspects that can be taken advantage of in many applications. This topic I was given will help me explore the impact of synthetic molecules on developing technologies and daily life as well as the implications of synthetic molecules including their advantages and disadvantages.

The purpose of this experiment was to observe three different polymerizations. They are condensation, chain addition, and cross-linked polymerization. Polymerization is a synthetic process where monomers are linked together. The first experiment performed was the chain addition polymerization. A chain addition polymerization requires an initiator that allows the reaction to react. In this experiment, styrene is being polymerized with the indicator benzoyl peroxide to make polystyrene. Benzoyl peroxide is a white solid and styrene is a clear liquid. When added together, the .25g of benzoyl peroxide dissolved and the mixture resulted in a cloudy, white liquid. This solution was separated into three test tubes and then was heated in a hot water

The term polymer is defined as very large molecules having high molecular mass. These are also referred to as macromolecules, which are formed by joining of repeating structural units on a large scale.

Abstract Recently, we reported a completely new all tungsto-cobalt heteropoly acid redox flow battery (RFB) with a high coulombic efficiency and promising prospect. Because of the relatively large size and high negative charge, the tungsto-cobalt heteropoly acid anion is difficult to cross Nafion membrane, thus necessiating the need to employ thinner ion exchange membrane. In this study, the effects of the thickness of the membranes on the battery performance were investigated. Three types of Nafion membranes with different thicknesses, namely, 50 μm (N212), 25 μm (N211), and 17 μm (home-made N-17), were investigated in all tungsto-cobalt heteropoly acid RFBs. The ion permeability and area specific resistances of the membranes and the