Synthesis of Chloroform

During the halogenation reactions of 1-butanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl-2-propanol, there is a formation of water from the OH atom of the alcohol, and the H atom from the HCl solution. The OH bond of the alcohol is then substituted with the Cl atom. Therefore all of the degrees of alcohol undergo halogenation reactions, and form alkyl halides as products. This is because the functional group of alkyl halides is a carbon-halogen bond. A common halogen is chlorine, as used in this experiment.

The sodium hydroxide acts to pull the hydrogen off the oxygen in the 2-methylphenol so that the oxygen has a negative charge and can attack the sodium chloroacetate. Again, using a 1:1 molar ratio, 0.34 g (2.9 mmol) of sodium chloroacetate (the good leaving group) was added to 1 ml of water and dissolved. Following dissolving all of the 2-methylphenol (to avoid the sodium hydroxide reacting concurrently with the sodium chloroacetate and 2-methylphenol) in the sodium hydroxide, the aqueous solution of sodium chloroacetate was transferred to the reaction flask. This mixture was then heated to reflux, using a medicine dropper affixed to the top of the flask as an alternative method to boil without

12) Pipet the remaining methylene chloride to a new beaker. Place the flask in hot water bath, and boil the methylene chloride out, leaving the benzoin and the dibromobenzene .

In the Cannizaro reaction an aldehyde is simultaneously reduced into its primary alcohol form and also oxidized into it 's carboxylic acid form. The purpose of this experiment is to isolate, purify and identify compounds 1 and 2 which contain 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, methanol, and aqueous potassium hydroxide. Compounds 1 and 2 are purified by crystallization. . The purified product will be characterized by IR spectroscopy and melting point.

| NaHCO₃ reacts with the hydrochloric acid by heating up violently, bubbling, dissolves, and new gas formation

Abstract: Using hypochlorous acid to convert secondary alcohol called cyclododecanol to the corresponding ketone which is cyclododecanone by oxidation.

The crude product was washed by taking the reaction product in the separatory funnel and adding 23 mL of deionized H2O. The mixture was shaken and allowed to settle until layers were observable. The top layer was the desired product and approximately 25 mL of aqueous layer was extracted from the separatory funnel. Next, 25 mL of 5% NaHCO3 was added to the separatory funnel in order to neutralize the acid. This mixture was swirled, plugged with the stopper and inverted. Built-up gas was released by turning the stopcock to its opened and closed positions, releasing CO2 by-product. This was done four times in one minute intervals. The solution was allowed to settle until layers were observable. The bottom layer that contained salt, base and water was extracted from the separatory funnel. The crude product was washed again as mentioned previously.

During 1800’s society was dynamic because of the comparisons of risks with using chloroform. With a wide range of confusion amongst the public but despite this religions had mixed views about chloroform some would refuse its use and others had no reasons for their opinion whereas others have no concerns due to the Queens uses. Few religions views had the support of media whereas others supported Simpson’s views and medical support was varied, but widely discussed but most of them felt that chloroform was unethical. The Church of England preached against the use of chloroform but their views began to change once the Queen utilized chloroform. A journalist for New Vision walked into a chemist and brought half a litre of chloroform then repeated

alcohol (2-methyl-2-butanol, MW _ 88.2, d _ 0.805 g/mL) and 25 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid (d _ 1.18 g/mL). Do not stopper the funnel. Gently swirl the mixture in the separatory funnel for about 1 minute. After this period of swirling, stopper the separatory funnel and carefully invert it. Without shaking the separatory funnel, immediately open

The lime water turned into white opaque color, and gas bubbles and white precipitate was formed, as placed the open end of the gas delivery tube(reaction between Alka Seltzer tablet + water) into the limewater.

1) Pour 25 mL of the 1 M hydrochloric acid into the beaker and rinse the solid by swirling the acid around in the bottom of the beaker.

2.) Add 20ml of dichloromethane, gently shake to extract, be sure to vent by opening the stop-cock. First extraction successful.

The purpose of the experiment is to oxidize a secondary alcohol (2-octanol) by using sodium hypochlorite (bleach) to produce 2-octanone. The starting material consisted of a sample of 2-octanol that was placed into a three-neck flask along with acetic acid and acetone creating an acidic solution. While monitoring temperature fluctuations to ensure a temperature of 400 Celsius was not reached, sodium hypochlorite slowly dripped from a separatory funnel into the acidic solution. Once this reaction reached its entirety, the solution was combined with sodium bisulfate to remove any of the remaining oxidizing agent. This solution was then tested and brought to a neutral pH using a sodium hydroxide solution. The reaction material was extracted using ether and was then washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution. The organic solution was then dried using magnesium sulfate and was then decanted and placed onto the rotovap. The produced weighed .599g and based on the infrared spectrum analysis (see Figure 1) preformed on the product it was determined to be 86.1% 2-octanol, which means .516g of 2-octanol was obtained in the final product.

2. Add about 20 mL of distilled water and stir the mixture with a glass stirring rod to dissolve the sample. There may be a small amount of insoluble residue. If your sample does not dissolve completely, remove the insoluble material by filtration.

After surgery, the standard procedure for treatment of breast cancer is chemotherapy. Clofarabin, one of the compounds that are used in chemotherapy, is a purine nucleoside analogue that has a strong inhibitory effect on wide-spread leukemia and some of solid tumors such as ovary, prostate, kidney and breast.1-3 In the unphosphorylated form, clofarabine passes through the cell membrane using several transporting system including diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transportation, and it is phosphorylates by intracellular kinases to its mono, di and three phosphates forms.1 From these forms, only clolfarabine-3 phosphate is therapeutically active, and the remaining forms act as intracellular clofarabine reservoir.2-4