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1.0 Introduction
All strands utilized as a part of polymer building composites can be isolated into two classes, to be specific synthetic and natural fibers. Synthetic fibers are the most widely recognized. Albeit there are numerous sorts of engineered filaments, glass, carbon and aramid strands speak to the most essential. Kevlar is a sweet-smelling polyamide or aramid fiber presented in mid 1970s by DuPont. It was the first natural fiber with adequate elasticity and modulus to be utilized as a part of cutting edge composites (Dupont.com, 2015). It has to take five times the rigidity of steel with a relating tractable modulus. Initially grew as a swap for steel in spiral tires, Kevlar is currently utilized as a part of an extensive variety of uses. It is an exchange name of aramid fiber. The U.S. Government Trade Commission gives a decent meaning of an aramid fiber as a fiber in which the framing substance is a long chain manufactured polyamide in which no less than 85% of the amide linkages are joined straightforwardly to two sweet-smelling rings (Hancox, 1993). 1.2 Composition of Kevlar and Glare
The composition of Kevlar is poly para-phenyleneterephthalamide also known as a para-aramid. It is arranged para-substituted aromatic units. Aramids have a place with the group of nylons. Normal nylons, for example, nylon 6, 6 do not have great auxiliary properties, so the para-aramid refinement is critical. Aramid strands like Nomex or Kevlar, then
Global glass industry generates about $75 billion in annual revenue; laminated glass has significant proportion in it. Despite the increased use of laminated glass(two monolithic layers of glass joined with an elastomeric interlayer—usually PVB to form a unit)as a cladding material for architectural glazing applications ,as a structural material, material for wind shield, transparent insulating material for automobiles the mechanical properties and the structural capabilities of PVB laminated glass are not well known. Laminated glass industry requires more attention and laminated glass have great potential of improvement. The present paper includes comprehensive review with conclusions and further suggestions of around two hundred research articles and patents in the science of laminated glass. The objective of the work include comprehensive understanding of technicalities of `laminated glass, identify gaps in the literature, find a lack of consistency in reported results across the studies, flaw in previous research based on its design, data collection instruments, sampling, or interpretation.
In Figure 4, Young's modulus is plotted against yield strength. The diagonal line in the figure represents the material index M= σy/E. Materials below the diagonal line are the best candidate materials because they will remain elastic while providing the maximum conformability. All materials that cost more than $2.20 per pound and have a UV rating of "poor" were eliminated. Also, only materials that can be made through the polymer extrusion process were considered. The candidate materials are listed in Table 1 and ranked by the material index. The current material, TPV, is included in the table for
For bio-composite, is a composite material formed by a “matrix” and “reinforcement” of natural fibers. These materials are often mimic the structure of the living materials involved in the process keeping the strengthening properties of
Para-aramids are a lot of plastics woven into fibers of extremely high strength-to-weight ratio. When these fibers are used to make materials (like Kevlar), can have a great amount of energy brought on to them because of the strong, and flexible fibers. Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE), is made and works similar to para-aramids. It is a gel-spun multi-filament, also made from plastic. This type is found in products like Dyneema. These are naturally more heavier then para-aramids (How Effective).
Kevlar is an organic fiber that has both high tensile strength and thermal stability. Tensile strength is strength in terms of pulling forces. Its high tensile strength comes from its chemical structure. Kevlar’s chemical structure arranges itself in a straight line and form extra hydrogen bonds between there links. This is depicted in the image below:
In the 1930s, numerous synthetic composite technological breakthroughs were born. “In 1935, Owens Corning launched the fiber reinforce polymer (FRP) industry by introducing the first fiber glass. In 1936, unsaturated polyester resins were patented. Because of their curing properties, they would become the dominant choice for resins in manufacturing today. In 1938, other higher performance resin systems like epoxies also became available.” (Cite) The creation of FRP was vital to the military during World War II due to its notably high to strength to weight ratio. Not only was FRP used for electronic housings and other electronic components, but was also used to create the first fiberglass reinforced boat hull. The war efforts spawned copious amounts of commercial products made with FRP. This is how synthetic and natural composites were revolutionized during the 20th century.
3Kevlar is formed in two main stages. The first stage is to produce the basic plastic, which is the base of Kevlar. This chemical is called poly-para-phenylene tereplthalamide. The plastic is then taken and strengthened. Kevlar is a pomaded, which means it is a polymer created by repeating amides over and over again. An amide is a chemical compound where part of an organic acid replaces one of the hydrogen atoms in ammonia. Creating a polyamide is known as a condensation reaction as two substances fuse together. Kevlar naturally has a chemical structure that means it forms tiny straight rods that are packed closely together. These rods also create hydrogen bonds between one another, these bonds give the structure extra strength. This bonded rod structure is the main reason Kevlar is as strong as it is. To create the material that is Kevlar these strong strands are woven together to create a tough mat. This will be then used in its many products.
Polyesters are those fibers containing at least 85% of a polymeric ester of a substituted aromatic carboxylic acid including but not restricted to terephthalic acid and f-hydroxybenzoic acid. The major polyester in the market is polyethylene terephthalate (PET), an ester formed by step growth polymerization of terephthalic acid and the diol ethylene glycol. The polyester fibers all have similar properties, are highly resilient and resistant to wrinkling, possess high durabilily and dimensional stability, and are resistant to chemical and environmental attack(Needles, 1986). In 1996, 24.1 million metric tons of manmade fibres were produced globally. The main volume gain took place in production of PET fibres (PET filament 9%, PET staple 4%) (Froehlich, 1997). Dramatic growth in PET fibre production is foreseen in Asia in the near future (Harris, 1996). The cost of polyester, with the combination of its superior strength and resilience, is lower than that of rayon. Polyester fibres are hydrophobic which is suitable for lightweight facing fabrics used in disposable industry providing a perceptible dry feel on the facing, even when the inner absorbent media is fully saturated. As the new methods of PET processing and bonding of are developed, rayon is replaced by polyester on the market. 49% of the total nonwovens market share in USA belongs to polyester staple, reaching up to 291 million pounds in
Carbon fibre consist of tiny filament about 5-8 mu metres in diameter. Carbon fibre mostly contains carbon bonds which are bonded together in a crystal Alignment. This means there are strong covalent bonds between the molecules. Being in its crystal alignment, this gives carbon fibre a high to strength to volume ratio which basically means it strong for its size.
Carbon Fibre – Carbon fiber composite is an increasingly popular non-metallic material commonly used for bicycle
Design technicians and engineers love to use carbon fibre in manufacturing as it has many desirable properties. First of all is its strength. Carbon fibre is five times stronger than steel and is twice as stiff [2]. The strands of carbon are lined up parallel to each other when producing a sheet. For maximum results in strength, the fibres must be parallel with the forces that will act upon that element, this is to make sure it can withstand the forces going through the object when in use.
Composite materials and structures are particularly attractive for aerospace applications due to their high stiffness, high strength and low weight properties. The use of such structures allows for an overall aircraft mass reduction, reduced fuel consumption and increased service life resulting in a reduction in aircraft operating costs.
In today's commercial aviation world, airlines have for a long time understood the importance of flying an aircraft as economically as possible. Advances in technology have made this possible in a number of ways, one of which is the introduction of composite material use wherever feasible. Composite materials typically offer a weight saving of between 20 and 25% when used in place of historically manufactured components made predominantly from alloyed metals. The heavier the aircraft, the more fuel it burns for a given mission, making weight reduction top priority for aircraft designers. The non-corrosive benefits, high-energy absorption and resistance to fatigue offered by composites are another attractive feature, but despite this and
Conventionally, in aerospace, automotive and packaging industries synthetic fiber reinforced composites are widely used because of their greater strength and stiffness. But synthetic fibers are expensive and not ecofriendly. So, of late biofibers are replacing synthetic fibers which are extensively used as reinforcements in composites and these materials are gaining popularity as potential structural materials because they are abundantly available renewable, sustainable, light weight, non abrasive, biodegradable, economical and ecofriendly. Due to population explosion, there is a constant need for new materials which are renewable, economical and sustainable. Natural fiber reinforced composites constitute one such group of materials.
A polymer is defined as a long chain molecule containing one or more repeating units of atoms joined together by strong covalent bonds. A polymeric material is a collection of a large number of polymer molecules of similar chemical structure . matrix rein which provide the continuous phase of the composite is expected to serve. Provide a uniform distribution of the structural and environment load to the reinforcing fibre through a good adhesion and a strong interface with the reinforcement. A absorb the impact of loads minimize