Synthetic Fibers And Its Effects On The Body

The skin is divided into three different parts including the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. This region of the skin has no blood cells or blood vessels running through it. All of the nutrients that the epidermis needs are received through diffusion from the dermis. The epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells. The epidermis is made of five separate layers: the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and the stratum corneum. Starting at the innermost layer, the stratum basale is where mitosis of keratinocytes takes place. This layer of the epidermis also contains melanocytes which give the skin it’s pigment. As mitosis takes place in the stratum

The dermis contains elastic and fibrous tissues such as fibrillin, collagen and elastin. These tissues gives

There are three primary layers of the skin: the outer layer, the epidermis and the layer beneath, the dermis and the hypodermis. The epidermis is thin, tough and waterproof while protecting the body from outside bacteria invading the body. It also contains keratinocytes which are from the basal layer which is the deepest layer of the skin. The keratinocytes reach up to the epidermis, shed and new ones form again. The dermis is the second layer of the skin and is the thickest. It is made from fibrous and elastic tissues which are made from fibrillin, elastin and collagen to create the strength and flexibility. It also contains sweat and oil glands, nerve endings, blood vessels and hair follicles. Sweat glands help the body cool off during heat

The highly regulated process of epidermal keratinization is the result of differential expression of within the epidermis. Basal keratinocytes express intermediate filament keratins 5 and 14. Suprabasal keratinocytes express keratins 1 and 10, which comprises approximately 85% of total proteins found in fully differentiated keratinocytes. Types I & II intermediate filaments (keratins) (Figure 3) are composed of three domains: (1) a central alpha-helical rod domain, (2) an amino-terminal head, and (3) a carboxyl-terminal tail domain both the head and tail globular domains contain end, variable, and homologous subdomains. The central α-helical domain is approximately 330 amino acids long and is divided into four subdomains (1A, 1B, 2A, and

The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands. The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of fat and connective tissue.

Microneedling is highly effective in stimulating abnormal collagen and elastin function. The DermaPen3 penetrates between 0.25mm -2.5mm below the skins surface. This creates microscopic channels into the dermis of the skin. These tiny controlled

The muscles and the sensory organs also show changes such as shrinkage of cells, thickening

The skin is the body's greatest organ, and it serves as a guarding deterrent. Its wellbeing and surface appearance are controlled by common components and furthermore the limit of the parts that incorporate the layers underneath

Fibroblasts are mesenchymal cells that play an important role in the wound healing process. These cells are responsible for releasing inflammatory agents that recruit white blood cells to areas of damaged tissue. Fibroblasts also respond to these chemicals and differentiate into myofibroblasts. These myofibroblasts are characterized by their up-regulated rate of extracellular matrix component production and their ability to physically manipulate the extracellular matrix. When the wound healing process becomes unregulated, this results in what is referred to as a fibrotic response (Kendall). As a result fibrosis, or the thickening and scarring of connective tissues, occurs. Fibrosis is the excess deposition of ECM components like collagen and

LAB PRACTICAL 2 * Skin * Comprised of all 4 main tissue types * Epithelial * Connective * Muscular * Nervous * Part of the integumentary system * Function: * Protection *

Collagen is a fibrous protein which functions in the extracellular matrix and connective tissue. This protein strengthens and supports tissues in the body, such as bone, cartilage, skin, and tendons. Collagen 1 (alpha 1) is the most abundant type of collagen and is vastly distributed in connective tissue, except in hyaline cartilage. Type I collage is found throughout the body in the skin, tendon, vascular, organs, and it is responsible for strength and sturdiness. It is a triple helix formed by two copies of the alpha chain and one copy of the alpha 2 chain. Type II collagen is the main element of cartilage and it is formed by two or more collagens. Type III collagen makes up elastic tissues (skin, lungs, blood vessels). Type IV forms the

The annulus is composed of concentric rings of collagen fibers that is called lamellae and arranged in a highly ordered pattern. The lamellae are made up of 15 to 25 layers that are present in the annulus and surround the central nucleus pulposus. The annulus is made up of strong fibrocartilage, which is made of collagen type I and II. The collagen fibers in each lamellae are arranged alternately and intersect with each other (right/left hand alignment). The lamellae are thicker in the lateral and anterior portions of the disc and thin posteriorly. Annulus fibrosus lamellae are made of long collagen fibers that are laying parallel to made fibrous multi-layer composites with differently oriented orthotropic layers. The outermost layer is composed

Elastin is a protein in the human body. It is found in the dermis of the skin which

The next layer in the epidermis is the stratum Spinosum. In this layer the cells are connected to each other by desmosomes that appear as spines. The nuclei are also smaller that the nuclei in the Granulosum layer. This layer is about 20-100 µm below the skin surface. The last layer of the epidermis is the basal layer. In this layer the cells line up with each other and there are also melanocytes. Melanocytes are cells that produce melanin, which is the pigment that appears in skin. The cells in this layer often divide to replace the cells in the layers above it. Melanocytes appear as bright, round cells and basal cells are small and bright in RCM images. The next layer that appears in the skin is the dermal-epidermal junction. This is where the epidermis and the dermis meet. There are two parts to the dermis: the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis. The papillary dermis has finger like projections that touch the epidermis. This layer is around 100-150 µm below the skin surface. In RCM images, one can see blood flow. There are also collagen fibers in dermis and they appear very

Overall, articular cartilage is a very dense structure, lacking blood vessels and nerves that are found in other tissues77. Chondrocytes are the cell types embedded within cartilage, and produce the structural proteins that form the ECM. The major components of the ECM are water, type II collagens, proteoglycans, aggrecan, and noncollagenous proteins such as fibronectins115,22. The resulting osmotic pressure created within the wet and dry components of the ECM work in harmony to support the mechanical forces applied to cartilage77. The water is retained in the ECM by aggrecan, the primary structural proteoglycan which is based on a long hyaluronic acid backbone with highly charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains, such as chondroitin sulfate (CS) and keratin sulfate (KS)26. Altogether, these components are what create the depth dependent layers of cartilage: the superficial zone, the middle zone, the deep zone, and the calcified zone (Figure