Synthetic Muc1 Based Anticancer Vaccines

Through the understanding of infectious diseases, researchers have been able to create several types of vaccines to help prevent a variety of life-threatening illnesses. Scientists develop immunizations using different techniques to treat diseases. These types include: live, killed, toxoids, subunit, and conjugate vaccines. Vaccinations that are the live type use a specific process which when administered will expose the patient to the actual disease, but in a much

Vaccines are designed to put foreign antigens into the body so the body will produce antibodies to fight it off. When an antigen is

An example is BCG vaccine that is made from mycobacterium bovis used to care against human tuberculosis.

There is no doubt that the number of vaccines recommended by health care professionals and government agencies has increased rapidly since 1980. Furthermore, vaccines have also changed in how they are made, which is unknown or poorly understood by the general public. While reviewing the literature, this was shown in the article, “Vaccines and Autism: A Tale of Shifting Hypotheses”, by Gerber & Offit (2009), where they discuss how vaccines have changed overtime. The authors state that today a single vaccine use uses less than 200 bacterial and viral proteins or polysaccharides compared to over 3000 immunological components used in 1980. In addition, the amount of protein chemistry and recombinant DNA has also increased. This helps cut back on vaccine-related reactions, because the vaccine only resembles a microbe and doesn’t function on one.

Toxoid vaccines fight bacteria that emits harmful chemicals. Commonly used for diphtheria and tetanus. Conjugate vaccines helps reach the bacteria’s outer coating like a barrier which can protect against haemophilus influenza type B. DNA vaccines is where a scientist can create a DNA strand that can fight against a certain disease. These are helpful because they have helped people with herpes. Finally

Humans eradicated smallpox. Through worldwide vaccination efforts, there has not been a single wild case of smallpox, the disease that killed nearly half those it infected, since 1978. This magnificent public health feat is being replicated worldwide for more than 20 pathogens, in the process protecting humans from a host of debilitating and deadly diseases. However, we cannot rest on our laurels. We still face numerous infectious diseases with effects just as devastating as smallpox. To combat these diseases, we must put new vaccine development and improvement at the forefront of our medical research.

Vaccinations are produced by developing a live, but weakened or inactive form of a disease. This weakened form of the disease, is then introduced into the body via injection, inhalation, or ingestion. Providing the body with this inactive version of the disease, the body’s natural defense mechanisms are triggered and begin creating antibodies against the disease, which in turn, allows

The US brand name for the Tetanus shot is Pediarix. It is a active immunization vaccine to prevent Tetanus, Pertussis, and Diphtheria. Artificial immunity can be acquired by vaccination. According to to CDC artificial immunity can be described in terms of active versus passive. Passive immunity commonly involves a transfusion of antibodies (antibodies are a Y-shaped protein created by the immune system to offset pathogens) designed to destroy an infectious agent (an infectious agent is a microorganism that invades

Immunology basically involves understanding the immune system and how it responds to various disease conditions. the immune system consists of a number of components. Traditionally, it is divided into humoral and cellular immune responses. It can also be distinguished into innate and adaptive immunity. The innate immunity can discriminate between normal tissues , self and newly encountered non-self-proteins while the adaptive immunity is the more complex system aimed at the eradication of intracellular pathogens. To do this, antigen derived from such pathogens that are often new to the host organism, need to be recognised by receptor-bearing specialised immune cells which respond to a complex system of stimulatory and costimulatory signals. Better understanding of the human immune system has led to the identification of a number of tumor-associated antigens in the 1980s and the development of various immunotherapeutic approaches. In recent years, identification of the specific antigenic MHC class I epitopes, advancements in genetic engineering, gene delivery, and cell-based therapeutic approaches allowed development of the novel immunotherapeutics.

Our current society is surrounded by the debatable usage of vaccines and its importance around the world. Since the introduction of immunizations, many diseases have been decreased and even eradicated from humanity. Even though this is true, serious side effects along with lifelong illnesses follow the temporary cure of viruses. A vaccine is a substance that delivers immunity against viruses and is used to stimulate the construction of antibodies. Vaccines are prepared from the disease itself treated to perform as an antigen without inducing the disease (Vaccines). These inoculations are used worldwide and various unknown infections have been speculated as the originations for them. Vaccines were originated as an alternative to cure viruses among people but the harmful symptoms, unknown links to incurable

Three animal model mice, camel and rhesus masques were vaccinated with a synthetic DNA vaccine encoding the MERS spike protein. The vaccine had induced potent cellular immunity and neutralizing antibodies against Spike protein in all animal models. However, rhesus masques seroconverted rapidly after only single immunization and thery demonstrate high levels of neutralizing antibodies. To assess protective immunity of the MERS-COV vaccine, vaccinated rhesus masques was challenged with MERS-COV infection after 4 weeks of immunization. To compare the control group was vaccinated with pVax1. The control group have demonstrated progressive symptoms of pneumonia with radiographic changes of varying severity, in the other hand vaccinated group had failed to develop neither symptom of pneumonia nor radiographic changes. Concluding that synthetic consensus anti–spike protein DNA vaccine can induce immunity against MERS-COV.(5)

Tetanus is a life-threatening but preventable disease that is characterized by an acute onset of painful muscular contractions (usually in a descending pattern, starting with trismus or lockjaw) and generalized rigidity.1 It is caused by the toxin of Clostridium tetani, a spore-forming bacterium. The spores can be found in soil, dust, and in human and animal feces, entering the body through breaks in the skin and germinating under low-oxygen conditions .1,2 The most successful intervention against tetanus in history is its prevention by means of an effective vaccine which has led to a dramatic fall in the incidence of tetanus.3

Vaccines are made of viruses or bacteria that originally cause the diseases. In order to make this viruses and bacteria usable as a vaccine, scientists choice one of the three basic methods depending on the vaccine they want to produce. The first method is using weak version of the virus causing the disease. They weaken the virus by limiting its production using chemical material. This method helps produce small amount of the virus to stimulate the immune system without harming the body. Scientists use it to make vaccines for diseases like measles, chickenpox, and mumps. (“ Weaken the Virus”1,2,3). The benefit of this method is providing a life lasting immunity for the person with one or two doses of the vaccine.( “Weaken the Virus” 9,10). However, this type of vaccine can not be used for people with low immune system .(“ Weaken the Virus” 10,11).

The DT vaccine is a two in one vaccine. This vaccine should be given to children less than seven years old. This is given in the arm or the thigh. This protects against diphtheria and tetanus. There is one last vaccine.

Lipid based delivery systems which are composed of both liposomes and emulsions are called biphasic systems. Biphasic vesicle systems provide several advantages as a topical carrier system such as have multichamber structure allow encapsulation and co-encapsulation of various therapeutics of different weight range with different solubilities. Biphasic systems are evaluated for many vaccine candidates including proteins, nucleotides, recombinant subunits and classical old inactivated or killed vaccines and now became applicable to purposes in human as well as in animals [150,148,149]. Baca-Estrada et al., [150] has shown topical delivery of hen egg lysozyme (HEL) and leukotoxin antigens in biphasic delivery system induce strong Th-2 cellular response and induce secretion of IgG1 antibody response. Foldveri et al., [151] formulated biphasic delivery system of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and shown that it delivered significant quantities of pDNA into the viable layers of human skin in vitro and induce 5 times higher anti-IgD levels compared with naked DNA alone and secrete IL-4 by cells and induce cellular immune response. Babiuk et al., [152] demonstrated that topical delivery of plasmid in biphasic lipid delivery system results to induce cellular and humoral response. Transcutaneous immunization induces Th-2 whereas intradermal administration induces Th-1 type cellular immune response.