Synthetic Polymers Built Up From Multiple Chemical Repeating Units Linked Together

In fact, many of the major plastics used today began when commissioned to be used for the war effort (Freinkel, 6). When plastic was first brought to The United States, the American people loved it. Not only can plastic imitate other materials, but it is also much more affordable. Overall, plastic is cheap. The leap in plastic produced from the ‘40s until now is extremely substantial. For instance, in 1940 plastic was hardly used, in 1960 a single American used close to 30 pounds of plastic per year, today each individual uses more than 300 pounds of plastic per year (Freinkel, 6). A major impact on the amount of plastic used is directly related to the way Americans, starting in the 1940s, were now able to mass produce plastic products. For instance, a single plastic comb making machine could reproduce ten combs in less than one minute (Freinkel, 22). Overall, plastic is relatively inexpensive and it is made for mass manufacture. Considering this it is east to see why plastic became so popular in the first place, it was a plastic miracle. However, there is a direct relationship between the amount of plastic produced and the amount of plastics that are being polluted into the

Plastics are light and convenient handling, achieving widespread customer acceptance. In general, plastic packing growths fast and posts significant threats of substitution to cans

Plastic bags have been used on a daily basis since 1977 (Williamson, 2003) as a means of carrying items such as groceries as they are not only convenient but also cheap. However, the over-use of plastic bags has posed significant threats to the environment in recent times as they are non-biodegradable and also a threat to wildlife. The primary reason for this concern is that plastics bags are not re-used, but simply disposed of in landfills.

Three polymers with industrial applications were produced. Ethylene glycol and glycerol both produced polyesters with thermoplastic properties. These plastics are soft and malleable when heated, but solidify once removed from heat. Thermosetting plastics were obtained from a reaction with phthalic anhydride rather than with a carboxylic acid because it is more reactive. The reaction between phthalic anhydride and ethylene glycol produced the linear polyester. Correspondingly, the reaction between phthalic anhydride and glycerol produced a cross-linked polyester with a more rigid three-dimensional structure. Linear polyesters are characterized by each component of the reaction having only two functional groups. Cross-linked polyesters form a rigid three-dimensional structure due to more than two functional groups present in one of the monomers. As a result, the linear polymer chain becomes cross-linked to another polymer chain. Both required the removal of water in order to shift the reaction toward the desired product. Additionally,

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is sometimes referred to as a synthetic resin, subclassified into thermosetting and thermoplastic resins. PVC is a thermoplastic resin, which means that heating the material will cause it to re-soften and become moldable

Nylon-6,6 is used in products such as clothing, fabrics, and carpets. Adipic acid is used in the making of Nylong-6, 6 and there are multiple methods for synthesizing it. Figure 1 is one example; the synthesis is a “greener” approach.

What is polyester? Polyester is a chemical term that is broken down into poly, meaning many, and ester, a basic organic chemical compound. Polyester is a really strong fabric that is resistant to stretching, shrinking, and wrinkling, therefore making it more durable. Originally, Polyester began as a group of polymers in W.H. Carothers’ laboratory. However, once Carothers discovered Nylon all further experiments were dropped. In addition, British scientists John Whinfield and James Dickson continued this work in 1939, inventing a Polyester fabric known as Terylene in 1941. In 1946, a chemical company named DuPont purchased the right to produce polyester in the United States. Around 1951, several companies became interested in Dacron a

My research involves the synthesizing polyamine starting from readily available building blocks—namely ethylene and carbon monoxide—and then using that to capture carbon dioxide, an undesirable greenhouse gas which contributes to global warming, from industrial processes. Currently, liquid amines are used industrially and while they are quite effective, they are costly, toxic, are not very recyclable, and degrade quickly. The novel use of a polymer as a material for this purpose could solve many of these issues.

BPA is one of the highest produced synthetic chemicals used in industry since 1960’s [1]. It is a white solid essentially used in the production of polycarbonates and epoxy resins. Polycarbonates and Epoxy resins are widely used as they make lives more comfortable and easier. Owing to their advantages such as high impact strength, exceptional clarity etc., they exist everywhere ranging from reusable cups to bullet proof windows and compact discs [5].

POLY VINYL CHLORIDE abbreviated to PVC is one of the three most widely used polymer in the entire world. It is classified as a thermostatic resin as they can be softened again after heating. It is very cheap and used in a wide range of collection from household things to industrial processing . Vinyl Chloride is the monomer from which PVC is polymerized.

A polyester fibre might be a synthetic fibre and throughout the fibre forming, the material is correlated with a long chain reproduction mix composed of a minimum of 85% by weight of organic mix of alcohol and terephthalic acid. However, polyester normally melts and flows under the influence of temperature at 260°C (Fashola et al 2012).

The report firstly introduced Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) basic information included Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) definition classification application industry chain structure industry overview; international market analysis, China domestic market analysis, Macroeconomic environment and economic situation analysis and influence, Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) industry policy and plan, Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) product specification, manufacturing process, product cost structure etc.

The electrostatic interaction between cations like transition metal cation, group 1A group 2A and anions such as sulfonates and carboxylates tends to aggregate despite the opposing susceptibility of elastic forces in the chain. The presence of anions and cations and their interactions makes cross link between them which is reversible in nature. The presence of other small amount of ionic groups leads improvement in properties of polymers like tear resistance, abrasive resistance tensile strength and impact strength.This types of self healing materials can be used in wide variety of application such as membrane separation, automobile parts, roofing materials, coatings, food packaging.

Pollution due to waste plastic has been a very largeissue in countries like India and China in the Asian region. India generates 5.6 million tones of plastic waste annually. In this large plastic waste there is a large share of the metro cities [4].

Plastic bag waste has become one of the serious problems that have threatened the health of natural resources, ecosystem, biodiversity, animals, human life and environment. We can see tens and thousands of people are throwing and using plastic bags every day. According to Oxford Dictionaries (2014) they define plastic bags as “A synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers such as polyethylene, PVC, nylon, etc., that can be molded into shape while soft, and then set into a rigid or slightly elastic form”. According to Facts and Myths report of 2014 notes that every year over one trillion plastic bags are consume and used worldwide. China consumes almost 3 billion plastic bags yearly and in every minute around 0ne million of plastic bags are consumed. The number of plastic user is increasing every year due to its extraordinary strength and it’s versatile for the consumers. Plastic bags can be classified into two categories that are biodegradable and degradable. Biodegradable are those plastic bag that are made from plant-based material such as corn, wheat and etc… and they will biodegrade within six month if they are composted where as degradable plastic bag are made