Systematic review paper

Aiken, L.H., Clarke, S.P., Sloane, D.M., Lake, E.T. & Cheney, T. (2008). Effects of hospital care

1. Is the article proposing to answer a specific clinical question or questions? What are the questions?

Doctoral level counselor education programs will implement the 2016 CACREP standards to maintain accreditation. Adkinson-Bradley (2011), details the progression of clarity in the CACREP standards for counselor education and the foci for each revision. In recent years, professional identity has been the cornerstone of the CACREP standards and there is not a specific study that addresses how research reflects the doctoral level domains (Gladding, 2013).

Stigma and seroconversion are a few familiar words that come to mind when dealing with human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome HIV/AIDS. These are a few processes that people go through when they are identified as being HIV positive. HIV is a virus that weakens the immune system and leaves people less able to fight infection. “Medical privacy and antiretroviral therapy among HIV- infected female inmates,” is an article written by Roberson in Journal of Nursing Laws in 2012.Throughout the article it informed the reader about HIV positive female inmates not receiving medical privacy. The intended audience of his article is nurses, nursing students, and prison staff.

Robert D. Enright is a meta-analysis study on interventions that are conducted to determine if the

1. The previous research given makes it seem doubtful that the DARE program is working. I understand it’s useful to have both sides in an article, but the evidence done over a 10 year span. That makes the current study look pointless to do, because we can always develop new programs if the current one such as DARE is not working.

The people in the studies must also be randomly assigned a "treatment" or a "placebo" (Kishita & Laidlaw, 2017, p.126) After these criteria were applied, the number of studies decreased to "15" (Kishita & Laidlaw, 2017, p.127). Information on "participants' age range and mean age, the type of treatment condition, the type of control condition, format of the therapy, the number of sessions, the primary outcome measure,the type of analyses, and means,standard deviations, and sample size for the primary outcome measure in each condition" was recorded for each study (Kishita & Laidlaw, 2017, p.127)

In theory, "that evidence-based medicine (EBM), determined by the outcomes of clinical trials, would be an objective decision-making tool to help patients and their doctors make treatment decisions, once a patient has been diagnosed" (Torrey 2012:1). However, many problems exist with how the clinical trials that define evidence-based medicine are designed. Not all clinical research is created equal a small clinical trial with a homogeneous set of patients may not be applicable to the situation of Patient X. The psychological and social needs of patients are unique, and while scientific evidence must ground practice, each case must be evaluated on an individual basis. A sixty-five-year-old patient in the peak of health may not have the same health goals as one which is suffering from a chronic illness.

Evidence-based practice (EBP) is the primary concept in nursing when it comes to determining clinical decisions on patient care, however, according to Hamrick, Hanson, Tracy, and O’Grady (2014), it is a technique that is often not utilized enough. The author’s further stated that providers lack the understanding of the process, which limits their ability to apply it in clinical settings.

In the modern age of health,education and public safety, society relies on rigorous research methods to find answers to complex issues dealing with social issues and general concerns. Ultimately, some short-term research methods may initially fail; however, continued extended research should surely result in success and benefit future generations. Depending on the topic of research; some research methods might be more appropriate than others. For example, clinical and laboratory experimental trials might receive better consummation if they use Quasi-experimental and Classical Experimental design rather than Cross Sectional Studies and Longitudinal Studies which focuses more on psychological experiments and behavior studies (Addison) (2015).

Higgins & Green in Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions described systematic review as a summary result of “available carefully designed healthcare studies (controlled trials) and provides a high level of evidence on the effectiveness of healthcare interventions. Judgments may be made about the evidence and inform recommendations for healthcare” (Higgins & Green, 2011). Systematic review is now replacing traditional narrative reviews as a way of summarizing research evidence. As Ralf W. Schlosser noted systematic reviews is replacing traditional narrative reviews because it “aim to minimize bias in locating, selecting, coding, and aggregating individual studies. This rigor in minimizing bias is what makes these reviews

At the clinical site level, sufficient planning, time, money, effort and staff for recruitment are rarely adequate. There are a vast array of activities that the clinical staff need to attend to including training, identifying the study population, eliminating ineligible patients, and contacting potential participants through a variety of methods. Subject recruitment becomes even more difficult once the study is under way and actual study activities commence. In addition, as the cost of clinical research continues to rise, pharmaceutical companies are unwilling to provide the funds necessary to recruit effectively and the sponsors (pharmaceutical companies) are unwilling to reimburse the clinical sites for their effort. Subject recruitment has a direct impact on study retention. Clinical trials are dependent on people staying in the study until the very end. Without that subject retention, statistical analysis for safety and efficacy becomes nearly impossible. All of this starts with the pre-screening and recruitment of quality subjects for any clinical

Making decisions about the care of patients is important in every health profession. According to the journal of Academy of Medical Sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovina, “Evidence Based Medicine integrates clinical experience and patient values with the best available research information.” It increases the use of clinical research in clinical decision making. The practice of EBM is important for learning information about a patient’s diagnosis, prognosis, or any other health care issues. Evidence based medicine and the scientific method are related in certain ways. There are four different levels of evidence, known as systematic review, randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case reports.

Widespread reports suggest that many participants entering clinical trials may not have the intended understanding of all facets of the research process [11] [12]. However, there may be some solutions to this problem. A recent review of 22 large trial consents [5] found that shorter consents relying on discussions with study personnel improved understanding. In addition, participants of focus groups complain that consent forms contain too much information that is unhelpful for decision-making, and are intimidated by overly technical language [13]. Our study

The task to accomplish the purpose of this review was not easy and certain difficulties rose during the process that implies a number of limitations for the research.