Systemic Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is the most widely recognized bone malady known, influencing an expected 200 million individuals overall. Around 30% of every single postmenopausal women are influenced and up to 40% will add to a delicacy break inside their lifetime. After some time, various danger components have been connected with osteoporosis and are helpful when utilized in screening devices and treatment calculations. Diabetes, albeit distinguished more than a large portion of a century back as being connected with bone slightness, has go to the cutting edge just inside of the most recent decade as a vital osteoporosis hazard elements.

Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disease that is characterized by structural deterioration of bone tissue and reduced bone mineral density(BMD). Consequences include increased pain, increased risk of fracture, loss of mobility, and death (Osteoporosis Canada 2014).

“Thirty-five year old Donna Duckworth is learning how to care for her newborn of five weeks, when she bends over the baby’s crib and feels something give in her back. The next day and the following week, the pain becomes unbearable in her back. She is breast-feeding and does not want to take any medication so she lives with the intense and continuing pain. Within a few weeks, she can no longer stand it so she goes to see her physician who orders blood work, does a complete physical and as a result, sends her to see an orthopedist who x-rays and does a bone density study. The diagnosis comes back as osteoporosis and it is found she has fractured three of her lumbar and four of her cervical vertebra.”

There are a plethora of health issues that contribute to bone loss, such as nutrition (low calcium consumption) and rarely engaging in exercise, people who have an unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking or extreme alcohol usage are also at risk. “Bone loss in adolescence and early adulthood can be a result of a failure to attain peak bone mineral density, and accelerated bone loss may be particularly noted around menopause and in later years” (Lin, 2014, para. 1). Though the exact cause is unknown, additional sources may include latent health disorders such as thyroid problems.

As generally stated in the introduction, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that involves the strength and integrity of one’s bones. The WHO defines osteoporosis as, “a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low-bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, increased bone fragility, and its susceptibly to recurrent fractures.” 2 The most important factor to take into account when addressing osteoporosis is the mass of bone, also referred to as, bone mineral density (BMD). As bone mass begins to decline, typically in the older population, specifically postmenopausal women, individuals are at an increased risk for fractures.3 As a result of this serious condition, many people are affected by morbidity, mortality, and economic difficulty.1

Osteoporosis is a common health concern globally. It has been estimated that 1 in 3 women in the United States suffers from osteoporosis and related fractures after menopausal age. According to the existing evidence, elderly patients have received inefficient attention regarding osteoporosis prevention or treatment. Moreover, physicians have practiced insufficiently in the prescription of anti-osteoporosis medication. Since the condition has a silent progressive process and presents with debilitating fractures, prompt diagnosis is of crucial importance to prevent morbidity and mortality.

Approximately 1 in 250 Australians have Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), a chronic, relapsing, inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that has debilitating effects on the individuals emotional, physical and social wellbeing. As a consequence of both the disease course and the attempts to manage IBD, multiple complications may arise, potentiating the burden of disease on the patient and healthcare system. Osteoporosis is one such complication that is highly prevalent in IBD sufferers compared to the general population. Osteoporosis affects patients with IBD at a younger age, and the incidence of osteoporotic fracture is 40-60% greater (1-6). Corticosteroid use in IBD patients is the strongest risk factor for development of osteoporosis (1, 7-10). It has been demonstrated that early diagnosis

“Most [women] reach their peak bone mass by their early 20s…and as [they] age, bone mass is lost faster than it's created” (Mayo Clinic, 2014). The more bone mass created during youth the less likely it is for osteoporosis to develop, so adequate nutrition is important. According to NIH (2014), “the daily recommendation for calcium from ages 9-18 is 1300mg and 1000mg/day thereafter. For vitamin d, it is 600IU/day after age 1” (NIH, 2014). Along with nutritional deficiencies, women who smoke, drink, and don’t exercise regularly are at higher risk for osteoporosis. Some non-behavioral risk factors include “having a family history of osteoporosis, being female, having a small frame, certain disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and anorexia nervosa; taking some medications for example glucocorticoids, gonadotropin releasing hormone, or antacids with aluminum, and menopause” (McGowan, 2012). Asian and white women are also more predisposed to having this

Many risk factors that contribute to bone loss and osteoporosis includes gender, age, size, ethnicity, and family history (Osteoporosis). Some other risk factors includes medication used, smoking, drinking, activity level, calcium and vitamin D intakes as well. Osteoporosis is known as the “silent disease”. It can be present without any symptoms because osteoporosis doesn’t cause symptoms until bone fracture. Therefore, patients may not be aware that they have the disease until they suffer a painful fracture. But some of the signs and symptoms are back pain (caused by a fractured or collapsed vertebra), loss of height over time, a stooped posture, and a broken bone that occurs much more easily than expected (Osteoporosis-Mestar). As the disease progresses, symptoms may include dull or radiating pain in the bones or muscles, curvature of the spine, pain in the abdomen and neck, cramps in the legs at night, brittle fingernails and tooth loss (Osteoporosis-Medstar). Osteoporosis has a direct relationship on oral health. It’s major impact affects the jawbone supporting the teeth. Studies show that a loss in this bone is most likely to cause tooth loss or mobility (Crowford). Because of low density of the jawbones, it leads to dental problem such as poor fitting dentures and at risk of requiring new dentures more often. The best way to handle this problem is to avoid delaying or postponing dental treatments, healthy

First of all, sex hormones play a crucial role in osteoporosis. For instance, when females' monthly periods stop, their estrogen levels will drop. Moreover, their bone density will decrease because estrogen (females' hormone) is important to maintain their bone healthy (3). Like females, the level of Testosterone hormone in males impacts the bones health. Second, lack of the calcium and vitamin D in people's daily meals. Calcium and vitamin D are both essential items to support the bone structure. Since the bones consist of calcium and without vitamin D the absorption of calcium will be less than the normal

Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mineral density and the decay of bone fibers resulting in weaker bones; making bones deteriorated and vulnerable to fractures (Sharma and Khandelwal., 2010). Osteoporosis is a disease that affects men and women. According to a study half of the women and one-eighth of the men would suffer from bone fractures caused by osteoporosis during their life span (Anders, Tuner, and Freeman, 2013). Osteoporosis turns into a considerable health problem mainly for women after menopausal years; as women aged their Bone Mineral Density (BMD) decreases as the risks of bone fractures increase (Mendoza-Romo et al., 2014). Why are women at risk of developing osteoporosis? Bone health is directly

Osteoporosis is the most common disease of the skeletal system that points out a decreased bone mass and as a result produces an augmented risk of fractures which identify the main cause of clinical disease. Often, it is called the silent disease because bone loss occurs silently, gradually and without symptoms until the first fracture originates. Worldwide, osteoporosis is seen as a global health problem affecting more than 200 million people (International Osteoporosis Foundation, 2014). Specifically, 1 in 3 women over age 50 suffer bone fractures in contrast to 1 in 5 men (International Osteoporosis Foundation, 2014). Of course, the prevalence of broad scope of osteoporosis is higher in women who represent 80%. On the

Within America, osteoporosis presently affects approximately 10 million people and is responsible for more than 1.5 million fractures annually (Societal Burden of Osteoporosis). About 54 million Americans have osteoporosis and low bone mass which makes them at high risk for the disease (NOF). This disease holds a substantial financial burden with annual direct cost ranging from 17 to 20 billion dollars. Because of the consistent growth in age among the population, the prevalence and number of osteoporosis fractures will continue to increase (SBO). Worldwide, osteoporosis has an estimated total of affecting 200 million women, one-tenth of women aged 60, one-fifth of women aged 70, two-fifths of women aged 80, and two-thirds of women aged 90. Across the areas of Europe, United States,

Osteoporosis is described by the NHS as “a condition that weakens bones” and is fairly common, affecting roughly 3 million, with more than 300,000 people receiving treatment each year. Fractures are extremely common as the weakened bones are more susceptible to damage, even coughing may cause vertebral damage. Osteoporosis can be classified as type I or II, “both type I and type II osteoporosis occur through an imbalance between total skeletal bone formation and bone resorption which is sustained over many years” (Theobald, 2005), and are related to a lack of vitamin

Ivy, a 60 years old Asian woman sustains an ankle fracture from a fall in a shopping mall. After the surgery, Ivy goes to an Orthopedic surgeon for follow up, who does an initial history and physical checkup. Ivy has an active life. She walks every day about two miles and stays busy with household works. She has habits of drinking a few cups of coffee and a moderate amount of wine and also smoking. About two years ago she was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis.