T-Cell Biology Research Paper

These cells are recombinant receptors that have been developed specifically for this purpose. These CARs are usually composed of an extracellular antigen recognition receptor that is attached by a spacer to a transmembrane domain. Around these transmembrane domains could be additional domains that function as co-stimulator to produce a further immune response. In a normal t-cell, there is a requirement of an MHC molecule to bind and recognize the antigen, however, the CAR T-cells are capable of overcoming the limitation. So CAR T-cells are able to bind directly and independent of this system allowing the cell to read a much diverse pool.

Red and white blood cells are the two types of blood cells in the human body. Red blood cells transport oxygen around the body which is transferred through the bloodstream. It moves oxygen into the body and then removes it. They are absorbed through its haemoglobin.

Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body. Adaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immune response.

The innate and adaptive immune response start with exposure to an antigen in the epithelium of

A chimera is a being that is created by a recombination of DNA from different sources. (pg 189)

a. This function is mediated by T cells and B cells (memory cells) in our body via adaptive immunity. The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is “remembered” by a signature antigen. The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific “non-self” antigens during a process called antigen presentation. Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. The ability to mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by memory cells. Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it. So basically killer T cells will identify antigens present on foreign cells. These antigens are not found in any of the cells inside our body. Therefore, T cells will identify them and kill them.

Lymphocytes that become part of cell-mediated immunity arm of the adaptive immune response develop in the:

The developmental routes for these cells are very complex and unique but there are similarities. B-cells produce antibodies to bind onto foreign bodies that have invaded the host organism; this allows cells such as cytotoxic T-cells will then destroy the infected cell/structure. On the other hand, T-cells such as T-helper cells that secrete cytokines to control immune responses and cytotoxic T-cells that destroy pathogenic cells and structures.

The organs that make up the lymphatic and immune system are the tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels. White blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), plasma, and platelets (thrombocytes) make up the blood. Lymphocytes are leukocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight off diseases. Two types of lymphocytes are B cells and T cells. Lymphocytes recognize antigens, or foreign substances/matter, in the body. Lymphocytes are a classification of agranulocytes, or cells (-cytes) without (a-) granules (granul/o) in the cytoplasm. B cells are created from stem cells, which are located in the bone marrow. B cells respond to antigens by becoming plasma cells. These plasma cells then create antibodies. Memory B cells produce a stronger response with the next exposure to the antigen. B cells fight off infection and bacteria while T cells defend against viruses and cancer cells. A hormone created by the thymus gland called thymosin changes lymphocytes into T cells. The thymus gland is active when you are a child and slowly shrinks, as you get older. T cells bind to the antigens on the cells and directly attack them. T cells secrete lymphokines that increase T cell production and directly kill cells with antigens. There are three types of T cells: cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells.

A chimera is a ‘patchwork’ of cells from different organisms however, the genetic material remains distinct and is not in any way crossed. In Goldman’s experiment the neuronal cells of the brain were still mouse cells, it was only the connective glia cells which were human. Yet these foreign cells began to take hold in the mouse brain multiplying until they replaced almost all of the mouse’s own glia cells. Due to the larger size of the human cells, they proved more efficient in coordinating neuronal impulses, leading to mice with improved cognition and memory. These mice were able to learn much more rapidly and could even be taught emotions such as fear.

T cells are part of the adaptive immunity that proliferate in the thymus, their protein antigen receptors provide pathogen specific recognition

Once there the naïve T cells have; the antigen that stimulated specific TCRs and polarising factors that determine which T-cell is produced - TH1, TH2 or TH17. The T-cells undergo structural changes so that they are programmed for apoptotic

In her seminar, Pippa Marrack discussed the role of T-cells in response to viral infections and the corresponding autoimmune response. T and B cells recognize and kill invading cells such as antigens derived from viruses. Therefore, the efficiency of clearing viral infections is determined by the ability to bind Fc receptors. However, the T-cells can also kill normal cells causing an autoimmune disease. While women have been found to respond to viral infections quicker than men, they develop more inflammation from recognition, which can lead to autoimmune diseases.

The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific “non-self” antigens during a process called antigen presentation. Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. The ability to mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by "memory cells". Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it. so basically killer T cells will identify antigens present on foreign cells. These antigens are not found in any of the cells inside our body. So T cells will identify them and kill them.

The next cells are the T cells. There are many different types of T-cells. One is the Killer T-cell. They can recognize invaders with feelers on the outside of the cell and if the cell is infected, it can destroy the cell. Another type is the helper T-cell. The helper t-cell functions more as support. It matures B-cells and tells them to make antibodies by secreting a protein. A helper t-cell also activates the killer t-cell. The last major t-cell is the memory t-cell. If you get sick, the memory t-cell will remember the antigen and will the immune system be able to defeat the same disease faster. The next cell is the Natural Killer Cell. These cells are lymphocytes that destroy viruses by releasing a protein that makes the affected cell “program” itself for death. The process it destroys itself is called apoptosis. (Kidshealth.org)