T-Cell Epitopes

There are two different main types of diagnostic testing that can be done to determine if the Hepatitis C virus is present in your body. The Hepatitis C Antibody test is a screening test ordered by your physician that will show if you have ever been exposed to the virus in your lifetime. This test detects antibodies that your body would have formed in order to fight off the Hepatitis C virus.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is from the virus family Flaviviridae with an RNA envelope serving as it's genetic material. The genetic material (RNA) is HCV's pathogenic structure. The genome is positive sense single stranded RNA, which is very similar to mRNA and can be translated quickly to the host cell (Bauman 2012). Hepatitis C is an enveloped virus, and the RNA also lacks a proofreading ability after replication, which results in mutations coding for many genotypes within the host. This genetic variability makes it difficult for the host immune system to clear all the HCV infections. As one infection clears, another strain is being produced (Bauman 2012). The HCV antibody detected by ELISA(Wilkinson

A few years ago, Hepatitis C was a scary term for many of us. But, today the medical problem is curable as there are various and advanced ways available. The improvement in the treatment is especially notable because experts have worked harder to obtain this success. Still, there are some significant changes are left and hopefully they will be completed soon. Presently, the HCV treatments get rid of the virus in merely slightly more than half of all sufferers. The medicines also have unnecessary side effects that make it complicated or not possible for some patients to get them. HCV medication online available, but it is not worthy to take them without the concern of the doctor.

About 4.1 million people in Americans have the positive antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV), and about 75 percent have permeant infection. Additionally, most of the infections happened 20 to 40 years ago, before the finding of HCV. Hepatitis C increased from 7,000 to 13,000 deaths in 2005. Furthermore, HCV develops slowly which increases the risk of severe complications in the infected people. Identification, death, and treatment are predicted to affect 35,000 by 2030. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) used antiviral therapy with PEGylated in clinical trials (Kalichman, Washington, Kegler, Grebler, Kalichman, Cherry, & Eaton, 2015). The CDC recommends a HCV one time test for people born between 1945 and 1965. The objective of this study was to thoroughly evaluate the amount of substance abusers infected with hepatitis C in the United States. Additionally, to observe the treatment of HCV. Currently Medicaid and Medicare repayment standards for sofosbuvir were calculated in all states, including the District of Columbia. Medicaid and Medicare covered the drug based on the following conditions; liver disease stage, HIV, and drug use. Approximately 42 states reimbursed the following criteria up to 74 percent for the drug sofobuvir. About two-thirds of the United States restricted the treatment centered on prescriber type. About 88 percent included drug abuse in their sofosbuvir admissibility measures. Finally, 50 percent required a date of abstinence and 64 percent required

The key issue presented in this chapter is the stigma that is directed towards individuals with HCV and the negative connotations of the

Lack of education, and therefore lack of knowledge, regarding the vaccine and HPV consequences are a major barrier to compliance (Richman, 2016). Lack of knowledge greatly influences all three of the major spheres of the Health Belief Model: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and perceived efficacy. “The HBM can be used as a model for health care professionals to help modify behavior…health care providers should specifically focus on emphasizing to their college-aged patients the high risk of acquiring HPV and that the vaccine is effective” (MacArthur, 2017, p. 333). A study by MacArthur examined various aspects of the HBM in relation to HPV vaccine compliance among college students and found that while students believed the vaccine to be efficacious, their perceived threat of the

It’s all something that they’ve heard about, but do they really know as much about the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) as they think? HBV is a virus that attacks the liver, which can cause lifelong infections and other serious diseases (CDC, 2014). HBV is spread in multiple ways and is more life threatening than people realize. Explaining HBV requires much understanding about the virus, so to start out, pathophysiology will be the first topic, then into clinical manifestations, medical management, nursing interventions, and to finish off with a conclusion of the disease. Surprisingly enough, there isn’t enough awareness about this virus as would be expected. It’s a very serious and potentially deadly disease that goes unspoken of.

A study by Gerend et al. addresses the common perceived barriers regarding the HPV vaccine, including: adverse effects from the vaccine (55%), vaccine safety (46%), not enough knowledge about the vaccine (37%), not enough research (36%), have not gotten around to getting the vaccine yet, but plan to (36%), and more. The authors suggest that tailoring the conditions in which the participants receive their information regarding the HPV vaccine would increase the likelihood that they would be more willing to accept and adhere to the three-dose vaccine regimen.6

If someone is getting tested for Hepatitis C, they will first take an antibody test. This test will detect if antibodies are present in the blood, which will tell if the person has ever had Hepatitis C, not if they currently possess it (“Who Should”). If the antibody test comes back positive, a qualitative test will then be run. This test declares tells if someone is currently infected with Hepatitis C. A quantitative test can also be run, which shows the amount of Hepatitis C that is in the blood (“Who Should”). There are two main medications that are used to treat Hepatitis C. The first being Pegylated Interferon and another being Ribavirin. Both medications are used for the treatment of adult patients with chronic liver disease (FDA). These medications are used in place of the vaccine that has not been created for Hepatitis C. Therefore, Hepatitis C can be detected easily and is treatable.

There are a number of individuals who may be suffering from an illness and not even be aware they have an illness. One example of such illness is Hepatitis C (HCV). Hepatitis C is a severe disease of the liver. It is caused by the Hepatitis C virus (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2015). As a result, Hepatitis C has been termed a silent epidemic (CDC, 2015). This is because a lot of individuals have Hepatitis C and don’t even realize they have the infection (CDC, 2015). As the infection begins to progress over time, it could cause acute issues to the liver (CDC, 2015). Those issues could be things like damage to the liver, the liver could fail to function, cirrhosis, or even cancer of the liver (CDC, 2015). However, screening for Hepatitis C will allow an individual to benefit from treatments that are available, hence eliminating the disease from the body and preventing the liver from undergoing any further damage (CDC, 2015).

The recombinant-based assay for HCV will detect HCV antibodies in blood samples of people with hepatitis C or who are carriers of HCV, but not in non-HCV individuals.

(CITE)The problem statement builds a compelling argument because parents may not be able to make informed decisions if the individuals that are educating them about the HPV vaccine have incorrect information or are not knowledgeable about the vaccine.This problem does have significance for nursing because a great part of nursing is educating patients to make sure that they are knowledgeable and informed so that they may make the right decisions for themselves. The methods used and the quantitative approach is appropriate because the intervention needs to have numeric result to measure knowledge, attitudes and beliefs to see how effective the intervention

al., attempted to address the issue of not only finding protective antigens against HSV-2 but delivering them in a way that activates the immune system. A therapeutic vaccine, HerpV, is a rodent equivalent heat shock protein based vaccine. Mo et. al study of HerpV consisted of 32 synthetic HSV-2 derived peptides, which covers all phases of the viral life cycle, used on HSV naive and HSV-2 induced mice and guinea pigs. In the tests with naive mice, HerpV was used as an immunization with the mice followed by a live HSV-2 challenge. Results were not statistically significant, but a measureable immune response did

Daclatasvir displayed potent inhibitory activity against all HCV genotypes tested (genotypes 1-6) [18, 19]. In replicon assays, the half~maximal effective concentration (EC5O) values of daclatasvir against HCV genotypes 1a, lb, 2a,3a, 4a and 5a were 50, 9, 71-103, 146, 12 and 33 pmol/L, respectively [28]. Daclatasvir displayed additive or syneregistic inhibitory activity in replicn assays when used in combination with peginterferon-a and ribavirin, NS3/4A inhibitors (danoprevir or asunaprevir) or NSSB inhibitors [EMS-791325 (beclabuvir) or NM-107] [28, 30]

After 1992 blood banks began screening the blood for the hepatics C virus. According to Dr. Palmer on page 117 she states, that it has been estimated by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) that almost 300,000 Americans have contracted HCV prior to the advent of screening of donated blood and blood product for HIV.