TE-5 Essay

NX means that the lymph nodes cannot be assessed (for example, if they were previously removed)

After reviewing the Balance sheet I have a concern regarding the Current and short term liabilities. Creditors/ trade payable is payment yet to be made for goods already received, if this continues to rise then it will effect the business profit and less stock will have to be ordered so repayments can be made. Bank overdrafts also continued to rise and in the long-term the business will be paying greater interest, which will again eat into the profit. Both increased quite a great deal from the last year-end. If this continues then the business will get into bad debts and owe too much that it will end up having to sale its assets to survive. Finally I can see that due to the above issues and other issues the net current assets/ working capital has decreased so therefore the business is less value then it was a year ago. If the business is worth £1 million now, this could soon decrease within another year.

Professor Chris Exley, a world famous aluminium expert, had hoped the inquest would highlight just how little we know about the safety of one of the most prolific metals on the planet. Prof Exley has explained that aluminium, added to nearly everything we eat, drink, inject and absorb is classed as a neurotoxin at high levels. Yet despite this, no one actually knows whether the amount of aluminium we’re ingesting is a safe amount. In spite of hundreds of publications demonstrating that the aluminum isn’t safe, there haven’t been any real investigations into the subject of aluminium accumulation in the body. Exley, a professor of Inorganic Chemistry at Keele University, Staffordshire, has been researching the subject of aluminium for over a quarter of a century.

The present work demonstrated that the restraint of ChE and NOS activities expanded with expanding the concentrations of sevin i.e. dosage reliance. The

Trivalent (arsenite) and pentavalent (arsenate) arsenic produce different effects on cells, yet there is little distinction between the two forms of arsenic when discussing signs and symptoms of poisoning. An important fact to note is that during the metabolism of arsenate, 50-70% of it will be reduced to arsenite in the first step of the process. Therefore, the differences in the cell effects are seen from the 30-50% of the pentavalent arsenic unchanged via the bioactivation step of oxidizing glutathione or enzymatically catalyzed by arsenate reductase.1,2

Zinc is known to prevent and treat the intoxication of lead which often proves more effective along with the combination of methionine or thiamine (Flora et al., 1989; 1991). Supplementation of zinc simultaneously with methionine or thiamine helps effectively reduce urinary excretion of ALA and the lead induced ALAD activity in the blood. This suggests that the combination therapy including the essential nutrient elements and vitamins concurrently with exposure to lead could be more effective than treating the lead toxicity after exposure. This helps to reduce the absorption of lead in the gastrointestinal track. Thus it can be attributed that zinc help to reduce the lead absorption in the body, thus it is depicted from the study that lead levels and zinc levels in among both the healthy controls and workers occupationally exposed to lead can be highly correlated. Earlier it was shown that the depletion of zinc levels among individuals due to lead exposure can be restored due to supplementation of zinc. Thus zinc has been known to be an important antioxidant which was shown from the literature reviewed by Bray and Bettger (Bray and Bettger, 1990). There are two mechanisms which are been elucidated as to how zinc prevents the lead poisoning, besides being as an antioxidant. These two mechanisms are protection of sulfhydryl groups and prevention by ROS. There are several studies which indicate that zinc has a beneficial effect on treating lead poisoning (Flora et al., 1989;

Hoffman RS, Nelson LS, Howland MA, Levin NA, Flomenbaum NE, Goldfrank LR. Goldfrank’s Manual of Toxicologic Emergencies. New York (NY): McGraw Hill Publishing; 2007:591-4

Chronic arsenicosis leads to irreversible damage in several vital organs. Despite the magnitude of this potentially fatal toxicity, there is no effective therapy for this disease; patients once affected may not recover even after remediation. The need for an effective therapy for chronic arsenicosis is obvious (Guha, 2000).The treatment regime for livestock includes supportive and decontamination procedures, administration of sodium thiosulfate, IV and PO, and antidotal therapy. Chelating sulfate, antidotes contain sulfhydryl groups that compete with sulfhydryl-containing enzymes for available arsenic (Radostits, 2000). The classic chelating antidote for arsenic toxicosis is dimercaprol (BAL). Thioctic acid, mesodimercaptosuccinic acid, and dimercaptosuccinic acid are alternative clinic chelating agents (Oslweier, 1996).

When aluminum accumulates in the body, it can lead to great number of diseases ranging from brain degeneration to skeletal deformities and that is the main cause for alarm. It is reported that aluminum salts can be absorbed by the gut and concentrated in various human tissues including bone, parathyroid, and brain. High concentrations of aluminum have been detected in brain tissues of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Various reports have suggested that high aluminum intakes may be harmful to some patients with bone diseases or renal impairments.

Samples are collected for the following analysis: haematology, clinical biochemistry, toxico-kinetics, and histology. The haematology and clinical biochemistry analysis are conducted in the Toxicology Laboratory at the University of Queensland, while the

Blood lead and zinc levels were examined among workers having occupational exposure to these metals. The effect of the lead exposure was evident due to number of manifestation reported in this study and the elevation in the levels of lead among workers due to exposure at workplace environment. The group of workers (W4 and W5) exceed the biological exposure index (BEI) of American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH) which is set as 30µg/dL (ACGIH, 2011). Clearly these two groups are showing the effect of their extended workplace exposure. Earlier the workers were examined for general health status along with healthy controls and significant decline in their body mass index (BMI) were observed, including the spectrum of

If the toxic metal concentration exceeds a certain threshold inside the cells, an active metabolic process contributes to the production of chelating compounds. Specific peptides such as PCs and MTs are used to chelate metals in the cytosol and to sequester them in specific sub-cellular compartments. A large number of small molecules are also involved in metal chelation inside the cells, including organic acids, amino acids and phosphate

Mission is the prime goal of an organisation to achieve the end results. (Benowitz, 2001). T&TECs mission is to provide a safe,

Allergies are not uncommon and reiterate long-term contact with some metals or their compounds may even cause cancer (Takala, J., 1999) {International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre 1999}. For some heavy metals, toxic levels can be just on top of the background concentrations naturally found in nature. Therefore, it is important for us to inform ourselves about the heavy metals and to take protective measures against excessive exposition. In most accessories in the United States, heavy metal toxicity is an unfamiliar medical condition; however, it is a clinically significant condition when it does occur. If unrecognized or inappropriately treated, poisoning can result in significant illness and reduced fineness of life (Ferner D.J., 2001). For persons who suspicious that they or somebody in their household might have heavy metal toxicity, testing is fundamental. Appropriate conventional and natural medical procedures may need to be pursued (Dupler, D., 2001). The association of symptoms indicative of acute toxicity is not tricky to recognize because the symptoms are usually heavy, rapid in onset, and associated with a known exposition or ingestion (Ferner D.J.,2001) cramping, nausea, and vomiting; pain; sweating; headaches; difficulty breathing; weaken cognitive, motor, and language skills; mania; and

1. Toxic heavy metals including Cr, Pb, Zn, Hg, Cu, Ni, Cd, As, Co, Sn, etc.,