Taking a Look at Antenna Technology

A wireless communication technology is an aircraft or unmanned balloons . Semi- fixed and it works using solar energy to provide and operate the remote control , to cover a certain area , and payment platforms motorized pneumatic and electrical , put in a fixed to a certain height above the ground mode ( the stratosphere ) layer. Working at a height ranges from 17-22 km, and has been specifically designed to operate at high altitudes. Remote controling from the earth staion on the ground .

No doubt, in last few decades technologies involved in the communication systems have been developed exponentially along with attractive features and facilities. Wireless communication system is one of the biggest inventions of the century and its developments can be processed in different terms of generation having approx. 10 years for each one. At every step of each generation is to provide to link with persons at every corner of globe with set of quality services.

There are lots of challenges occurs for reliable wireless communication which occurs due to physical limitations of the wireless medium. There has been massive growth occurs in wireless communication which is due to the techniques that improves spectral efficiency and mitigate various channel impairments such as fading and interference. Moreover there is always demand for high speed wireless internet and technologies which are capable of providing higher capacities and link reliabilities. Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) is based on communication system which is able to fulfil these objectives. MIMO is an expansion of smart antennas systems. There were traditional smart antennas which occupy multiple antennas at receiver, whereas In MIMO system multiple antennas are engaged at both sides at transmitter as well as receiver side. The multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver side provide a major advantage over traditional smart antenna systems—in terms of capacity and diversity advantage. The multipath propagation by MIMO system is a remarkably advantage over other antennas system. Moreover it is able to provide independent fading channels between every pair of transmitter and receiver antennas.

There are several substrate materials that can be used for fabrication antenna. Some of them are low cost while the others are highly expensive. Each substrate being used has its own advantages and disadvantages. The dielectric of each substrate plays an important role in the

The proposed reception apparatus has little in size and works at 2.25GHz, 3.76GHz and 5.23GHz appropriate for versatile satellite administration (MSS) system, WiMAX and WLAN applications ,In the paper, the plan of a coaxial nourish single layer rectangular microstrip fix recieving wire for three diverse remote correspondence band

When selecting an antenna, both the width of the area to be covered and the distance of each link must be considered. These considerations will then determine the type of antenna to use, based on each antenna's signal pattern. Every antenna has a pattern to the signal. This pattern applies both to sending and receiving. By convention, the radiation line used to draw this pattern is placed wherever the power radiating out drops to one half of the power at the antenna surface.

According to the IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas, an antenna is defined as the ‘part of a transmitting or receiving system that is designed to radiate or to receive electromagnetic waves’ [1]. Depending on the resonance properties, environment, and use, an antenna can be designed in all sizes and shapes including linear dipoles, horns, dishes, apertures, and patches. Despite the different form factors, all antennas operate under the same principle. They mediate the transformation between propagating EM energy and localized or confined energy delivered to a load or emitted from a source via coupling of the EM energy to electron motion. Although originally conceived for radio waves, the antenna definition above notably does not constrain the frequency range of operation. The same

We have Review different research paper. Accordingly it is used to achieve significant bandwidth enhancement and analyze the matching and radiation properties of sub wavelength resonant patch antenna filled with double-negative, double positive and single negative meta material block ,quasi static equivalent circuit model for analysis and design of different types of artificial magnetic resonator and the possibility of using an active internal matching element in several type of metamaterial inspired electrically small antenna to overcome their

The ports 2 and 3 can be made open or short. This design operates only at one frequency (f1).The equation for designing this filter is derived by even and odd mode analysis. The bandwidth of the filter with dual band is less compared to the conventional filter with single frequency of operation. This reduction in bandwidth is due to the Shunt stubs which are used to load the parallel coupled lines.

Xin - imaginary part, representing the reactance of the antenna & the power stored in the near field of the antenna [32].

The comparison graph of the simulated result in return loss (dB) versus frequency (GHz) between the conventional rectangular microstrip patch antenna and proposed compact antenna is shown in of fig. 3.7 and the comparison graph of the measured and simulated result of the compact antenna is shown in fig. 3.9.Antenna is fabricated and experimentally tested to valid the design of the antenna

Figure 5. XBee Pro 63mW Wire Antenna - Series 2B (ZigBee Mesh). SparkFun website …………………………………………………………………………………………................7

Mobile communication requires small, low profile and low-cost antennas. Microstrip patch antennas are meet all requirements and various types of microstrip antennas have been designed for use in mobile communication systems.

In this paper, the copper and flexible printed graphene with highly conductive are used as patches antennas for wideband applications. The copper antenna has been designed to operate for a dual band from 2.65 to 3.2 GHz and from 4.59 to 5.34 GHz, with maximum gain 2 and 3.37, dBi for first and second respectively. But the flexible graphene patch mounted on an elastic substrate introduces more wide impedance bandwidths, from 2.6 to 3.2 GHz and from 4.84 to 7 GHz with maximum gain 1.04 and 1.33 dBi for first and second respectively. The copper structure has been fabricated and measured. The return loss, VSWR, radiation pattern and the gain of the structures are investigated. All the simulated results are analyzed, it is concluded that graphene

Technology is increasing rapidly. Various new technologies in various fields are emerging day by day. Among them Communication Systems is the branch in which most part of the scientists are focused on. CDMA, GSM, 3G, 4G are examples of the technologies that are developed in this field. Behind all the components included in the technology of communication system, Antennas take the most part. Smart antenna system received a greater interest for its involvement in performance improvement of wireless radio systems. Many techniques are included in this system such as enhancing received signal strength, reducing the interference and increasing capacity, etc. The main purpose of this paper is to provide how scientists approached and achieved towards smart antenna. Thus, this paper includes problems in communication, how it is overcame by smart antenna, its working like beamforming, adaptive system etc.