Taking a Look at Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Esherichia coli also known as E. coli is a bacterium that lives in your gut. (1). it was founded by Theodore von Esherich in 1888. There are many people that can get the bacteria. Also there are thousands of strands of E.coli. Six E. coli O157 outbreaks were identified during 2007. Four of the outbreaks involved foodborne transmission. (Eshericha Coli). Six Minnesota cases and one Wisconsin case with the same or closely-related PFGE subtype of E. coli O157:H7, and an additional Minnesota case of Shiga-toxin producing E. coli that was not culture-confirmed, attended the Minnesota State Fair in August. All but one of the cases showed cattle or visited the cattle

Chapter 9 of the literature shows the spread of bacteria called E. Coli 0157:H7 as well as its negative effects. E. Coli 0157:H7 was found in the beef and 25 million pounds had already been eaten. The food poisoning was spreading rapidly and 200,000 people got sick. Schlosser claimed that since there is bad in the meat that is why people are getting an ill eating hamburger. Americans were getting afraid and constantly people were getting infected, especially children, elderly, and people with impaired immune systems. According to the literature,“...progressed to diarrhea that filled a hospital toilet with blood… drilling holes in his skull to relieve pressure, inserting tubes in his chest to keep him breathing, as Shia toxins destroyed his

O157:H7 strain of E. coli that sickened 40 people in eight states (Glausiusz 1). Additionally,

Furthermore, dangerous strains of E. coli, such as E. coli O157:H7, produces toxins such as Shiga toxins. These toxins have the capabilities to damage the lining of the small intestine, which can result in stomach cramps, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea and bloody stool. If a person can come into contact with a contaminated source, symptoms can appear about three to four days after exposure and can usually last between one to nine days. The infected host is considered contagious until their symptoms stop and even a couple days after that. The way E. coli O157:H7 is diagnosed is by a special stool culture that is sent to a stool laboratory, where tests are run to

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes a type of intestinal sickness termed voyager 's looseness of the bowels (diarrhea), which influences almost every populace around the world. As a rule, this illness is self-restricting in healthy adult, despite the fact that antibiotics are regularly recommended. Notwithstanding traveller’s diarrhea, ETEC can bring about illness side effects clinically indistinct from cholera created by Vibrio cholerae. ETEC is endemic in numerous creating nations, including Mexico and Bangladesh, and is regularly experienced by travelers, individuals from the military, or different visitors travelling around. Due to poor surveillance, mortality because of ETEC is hard to gauge, yet there are accepted to be no less than 400,000 ETEC-related deaths in children less than 5 years old every year, with incalculable others likely grouped just as death because of diarrhea. Human ETEC strains are firmly identified with various confines taken from pigs experiencing diarrhea, with both sorts of ETEC sharing various pathogenic elements and destructiveness elements, including heat labile enterotoxin (LT). On the other hand, human and porcine ETECs show strong host tendencies that are comprehended to be because of the statement of fimbriae with particular tropisms.

One of the most common causes of food poisoning to date in the United States today is from a group of bacteria, Salmonella (Foodsafety.gov, n.d.). As reported by the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2014), Salmonella causes an estimated 1.2 million illnesses annually leading to 19,000 hospitalizations and a mortality of 380 (CDC, 2014). This cost was reported to be more than $3.7 billion in 2013 (Foodsafety.gov, n.d.)! The two most common kinds of Salmonella in the United States are Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and Salmonella serotype Enteritidis with Salmonellosis more common in the summer months (CDC, 2012).

Escherichia Coli (E-Coli) is a member of the Bacteria kingdom. E-Coli is a unicellular microorganism (“Where”). This bacteria lives in human and animal intestines. It has been known to cause a number of food illnesses (LeClerc 1996). To be able to survive in humans and animals, this bacteria makes a protein that is resistant to the acidic PH in the intestines (Winfield). In the right conditions, such as a warm, nutrient rich environment, it can split and replicate in about 20 minutes (Berg 2004). Since it grows quickly, it is a common bacteria used in research (Don 2009).

This bacterium can sometimes be harmless but it is a common cause for food poisoning and diarrhea. It lives in the intestines of humans and animals. E.coli is rod-shaped, with two microns in length and one micron wide. E. coli is able to grow in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. This allows it to be a facultative anaerobe bacteria. If an E. coli strain acquires virulence factors, it evolves into a pathogenic E. coli. The most dangerous strain of E.coli is E.coli 0157:H7 which causes infection through the production of toxins, such as Shiga toxin. These toxins can destroy or damage red blood cells causing circulation complications. E. coli is very common in the world. Contamination is caused by exposure to fecal matter. Once exposed, the disease is transmitted through food or water, which is then transferred to other animals or people that come in contact. Improper food handling is the most common form of transmission and infection. Consuming dairy products that have been left out for a long period of time or were not properly stored can cause the bacteria to grow. Consuming raw fish and poultry or not rinsing food produce well before consumption can also lead to transmission. The bacteria must be consumed for it to cause any real

Gastroenteritis is an acute inflammation of the stomach and intestines and it has a significant impact on childhood mortality and morbidity worldwide. It is caused by rotavirus, which after infecting the lining of the intestines, triggers severe diarrhoea in young children.2

According to Kibret, et.al (2011) Escherichia coli is known to be the natural bacteria that can be found human and animal gut. Thus, this bacteria can be found in water, soil and vegetation. This bacteria can cause a lot of different diseases from Urinary Tract Infection to blood stream infections, wounds, otitis media. This bacteria is known for being the cause of having a food and water-borned human diarrhea, which is nowadays, it is currently growing in the developing countries, causing many deaths in children under the age of five

Salmonella is a foodborne infection caused by bacteria within the intestines. It can take up to 72 hours for symptoms to arise, if symptoms happen at all. Usually it only lasts a few days with no necessary treatment; for some, however, they may need medical attention due to dehydration from one of the most common symptoms of salmonella infection, diarrhea. Risk of infection is higher when sanitation is lower. There are other symptoms besides diarrhea such as vomiting, abdominal cramps, fever and a few others that can last for as long a seven days. Your bowels, on the other had, may take up to a month to recover from the infection. Some types of salmonella may cause a potentially disease typhoid fever.

The most common cause of Gastroenteritis in the United States is triggered by the Norovirus with approximately 21 million cases per year, which contributes to nearly 800 deaths and 71,000-hospitalization annually.1 The virus not only afflict United States Citizens but, persons all over the world. Worldwide Norovirus accounts for 9 to 24% of all sporadic gastroenteritis.2 Norovirus is a very contagious virus that affects people of all ages, sexes, genders, and ethnicities, with the most adverse health effects for the elderly and the young. The most severe health affects occur in children under 5 years of age and adults over the age of 65, because they are considered immunocompromised.3 Recurrences often occurs because the virus is extremely diverse and lacks long-term immunity. Therefore, there are many ways in which a person can contract the virus, which includes drinking contaminated water or touching contaminated surfaces. In the case definition of norovirus, the afflicted persons experience issues with their intestines and stomach, or experience acute gastroenteritis; this is followed by severe vomiting and diarrhea.1

A 2004 paper on Acute Infectious Diarrhoea and Dehydration in Children by Elizabeth J Elliott and Jacqueline R Dalby-Payne identified that

Symptoms of vomiting, abdominal pain, headaches, weakness, and diarrhea can occur within one hour and last less than 24 hours. Diagnosis is through stool culture and treatment is supportive therapy. The most well-known Salmonella infection is Salmonella typhi, which is transmitted through contaminated food and water. Typhoid fever is divided into 4 stages. In the first stage, symptoms of malaise, headache and cough develop. In the second stage, high fever, bradycardia, rose spots, crackles in the lung, hepatosplenomegaly, distended abdomen and loose stools are observed. In the third stage, intestinal hemorrhage, encephalitis, cyclic fevers are prevalent. In the last stage, the fever starts to subside. Diagnosis is made through stool culture and the patient is treated through oral rehydration therapy. Antibiotics like ceftriaxone or ciprofloxacin can also be given. Camplylobacter is another bacterial cause of gastroenteritis. It is commonly associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry dish. Patients get diarrhea (loose to bloody), fever and malaise. It is diagnosed through stool culture. Disease is self-limiting, but antibiotics like ciprofloxacin can be given. Yersinia can be acquired through uncooked meat, contaminated water and milk leading to watery and bloody diarrhea and fever. It is typically self-limiting and does not require antibiotics. Of note, patients with Yersinia enterocolitica can experience

Prior to 1990, there was an underestimation of the prevalence of Salmonella gastroenteritis in the Caribbean. This was due to several potential reasons; first, there was a lack of resources necessary to conduct a thorough investigation. In addition to this, only a small fraction of patients follow the steps necessary to become a laboratory confirmed case. Lastly, in 1990, there were outbreaks among tourists staying in the Caribbean, with one case resulting in death. This led to more widespread concern of Salmonella, as media coverage greatly increased after this incident. Many different organizations, such as CAREC, began to attempt to find the source of the pathogen after this event in 1990. Ebola is underestimated for some of the same reasons that Salmonella used to be; not everyone with Ebola reports it or goes to the hospital. However, Ebola differs from representation of Salmonella before 1990 in that there is a large amount of resources being allotted toward prevention and treatment. In contrast to Salmonella before 1990, Ebola is also very well-known globally and garners considerable media coverage.