Taking a Look at Flu H5N1

The Great Influenza is a book not many enjoy. However, Dr. Petri enjoys this book for reasons that are lost to many. The book starts off on part one chapter 1 the Warriors. it starts off with imagery of September 12, 1876 talking about it crowd in an auditorium in Baltimore’s Academy of music. this was too launch John Hopkins University where they say they would change all of American education and in this first page you meet Thomas H. Huxley an English scientist who is the keynote speaker of this event. then give me George Armstrong Custer who “led the seventh Cavalry to with the stretching at the hands of him video savages resisting encroachment of the white man.” customer had spoke on the front page of the Washington star. then the book starts going deeper into detail

Wild aquatic fowl, ducks in particular, serve as a reservoir for the Influenza virus to transmit into poultry and then to humans. Infected birds shed flu viruses in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces (CDC, 2004). The current virus seen in Asia is denoted as H5N1 and was first seen in terns in South Africa in 1961 (CDC, 2004). The first human seen infection of the avian H5N1 viruses was in 1997 in Hong Kong in a three- year old boy (Ruben, 2005). The outbreak involved 18 cases and killed 6, one third of the confirmed infected population (Rueben, 2005). In three days 1.5 million birds were killed in order to prevent further spread. A new pandemic is now on the horizon with recent outbreaks in poultry in the eight Asian countries of Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, South Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam since 2004 (CDC, 2005). As of July 5, 2005, there have been 108 reported human cases of the H5N1 virus with 54 deaths (CDC, 2004). In wake of a

Around 5 million people worldwide are affected annually by the influenza A virus (IAV), with infection resulting in severe morbidity and sometimes death. Although effective IAV vaccines exist, annual influenza epidemics occur due to its ability to quickly evolve new strains. Therefore, IAV remains a serious public health threat as evidenced by the recent pandemics involving swine H1N1 and avian H7N9. Thus, there is a vital need to develop more effective vaccines against influenza. Normally, vaccines function by priming the immune system to recognize a pathogen so that the body can more easily identify and eliminate it upon a second encounter. This protective immunity relies on receptors in the innate immune system such as the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I). In contrast, Nod-like receptors (NLRs) sense cellular damage as a result of infection and engage the inflammasome. Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that stimulate the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Recent work by Pang et al. examined the relevance of host recognition of viral PAMPs versus virus-inflicted damage in linking innate recognition of IAV to adaptive immunity. Mediation of adaptive immunity to IAV is attributed to production of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and IL-1β, cleavage products of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1. Pang et al. provided evidence that induction of an adaptive CD8+ T cell response did not depend on PRRs

Influenza, commonly called "the flu," is an illness caused by RNA viruses that infect the respiratory tract of many animals, birds, and humans. Influenza viruses are found in body fluids such as saliva and mucous and commonly transmitted via tiny, air-born droplets created through sneezing and coughing. Depending on the conditions and temperature of the environment, the Influenza virus can remain infectious for up to one month. Transmission occurs as a new host comes into contact with viruses dispersed into the air or onto surfaces of objects. The main targets of the influenza virus are the columnar epithelial cells of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. HA binds to galactose-bound sialic acid on the surface of host cells. The HA binding

The flu (influenza) is a highly contagious virus that attacks the respiratory system. The flu has three strains, H1N1 strain, H3N2 strain and influenza B strain. The first known case according to UXL Encyclopedia of Diseases and Disorders “The first influenza pandemic that is known to have been global in scale took place in 1850; it started in China and spread across central Asia to Africa and then to Europe where it nearly wiped out the populations of several major cities in southern Italy and Spain”. The number of cases in the U.S. and worldwide is according to www.cdc.gov “There has been 11,965 laboratory-confirmed flu-related hospitalizations.” The number of cases in the US and world wide per year is 3-5 million.

Health Topic: Influenza The disease and which part of the body it affects: Influenza (flu) can affect your whole body. It can affect your eyes with aches behind your eye ball. It can also be felt through the whole body with aches especially in your head lower back and legs, making you feel extremely tired and weak Common symptoms: As well as body aches you can also get symptoms from influenza that include a sudden appearance of a high temperature. The high temperature can give you a dry cough. Then your body starts to ache and you can start to feel weak or really tired. This is when your eyes start to ache and you get the chills from the fever. During these symptoms you may lose your appetite and you can get a runny or stuffy nose as well as

system — your nose, throat, and lungs. It mostly occurs in late fall, winter, and early spring. Influenza, frequently called the flu, affects more than 60 million individuals in the US every year. Influenza and its complications can be deadly. The people at higher risk of developing

What is the flu? The flu is short for influenza, which is a common viral infection in the respiratory passages where in some occasions can be deadly, especially in people at high risk. There are more than three million United States cases reported per year. Unfortunately, it spreads easily but on the bright side, it can be preventable by vaccine. It is a short term infection that lasts around a few days to possibly a few weeks. It can usually be self-diagnosable and self-treatable as well.

The virus has been studied in detail during 2009-2010. Being a complex virus, it is important to study the current scenario and the trends of the circulating virus. During 2015, the incidence of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus among patients presenting with ILI, diagnosed in our tertiary care hospital during the study period was 18.6%. In the 2012-2013 the incidence of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus among patients presenting with ILI, was 8.20% indicating a sharp increase in the number of cases. 9 After 2010, the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A reappeared in several northern and western states of the country during the winter months of 2012-2013. The presently ongoing resurgence since December 2014 however appears to be worse than the previous one, leading to over 30,000 cases and 2000 deaths countrywide (as of 28th March,2015) as compared to 5044 cases and 405 deaths in 2012 and 5250 cases and 692 deaths in 2013.10 The resurgent waves lead to more number of hospitalizations and deaths due to pdmH1N1 as compared to the rest part of the year and appear at an interval of 1.5-2

Influenza is a viral infection. Virus infects human respiratory system cause fever and muscle ache. Influenza infection kills hundreds of thousand of people around the world each year. There are three major types of influenza viruses--A, B, and C. Type A virus causes the most sickness among humans. Influenza Pandemics is a spread of Influenza A virus on a worldwide scale. Pandemics occur when a new subtype of influenza A, which has never infected humans before, generates.

citizen avoided another, hardly any neighbour troubled about others, relatives never or hardly ever visited each other. Moreover, such terror was struck into the hearts of men and women by this calamity, that brother abandoned brother, and the uncle his nephew, and the sister her brother, and very often the wife her husband. What is even worse and nearly incredible is that fathers and mothers refused to see and tend their children, as if they had not been theirs.” So many people did not know what the plague was and it made people very afraid. Agnolo di Tura del Grasso produced a chronicle of events from 1300 to 1351 with his experiences with the plague. “And I, Agnolo di Tura, called the Fat, buried my five children with my own hands. And there

When you get the flu, do you know what kind and how deadly it is? There are actually

In a typical factory farm, there can be up to 125,000 chickens raised for meat, 82,000 chickens raised for eggs, 10,000 pigs and 1,000 cattle per farm (Murphy). These large numbers, in small living conditions are a breeding ground for disease. The close contact one with another makes it virtually impossible to stop an epidemic once it has started. When infected animals are ingested, we in turn can get sick. Scientists believe that about 1,400 known pathogens originated from animals. Examples of these origins are tuberculosis and the cold from cows and influenza from ducks. Dr. Michael Greger, author of “Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching” and professional speaker on public health topics wrote, “In recent decades, previously unknown diseases

When it comes to the differences between incidence and prevalence you first most understand the definition of each. Incidence can be defined as the rate of a new case of a disease in a defined population over a defined period (Schneider & M.-J, 2014, p. xx). A better way to understand incidences is by picturing an outbreak of e-coli produced by expired ground beef from your local butcher shop. The incident rate would then measure the probability that a healthy person would become sick from the contaminated ground beef during the time of outbreak. Now looking at prevalence, which can be defined as the total number of cases existing in a defined population at a specific time (Schneider & M.-J, 2014, p. xx). Prevalence is often used in known lethal

“The rodents spread the plague from China to Europe and it hit Britain in 1348.”(Bates, Claire) So if the world is so populated more people will be homeless, and the disease could spread easier wiping out millions. The black death was also spread by people getting bites from infected rats, the disease travels through the body into the lungs, and when the person coughs or sneezes, the disease is transmitted into the air and can infect people who breath in that same air. So if the world becomes too over populated and there aren’t enough houses people will be living on the streets where disease could spread easier and faster just like the black death. “Indirect contact infections spread when an infected person sneezes or coughs, sending infectious droplets into the air.”(DIRECT…) So if everyone if coughing and sneezing then anyone who breathes in that contaminated air could get the disease. “Last year, it called dengue the “most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease” in the world—faster than West Nile virus or malaria.”(The deadly…) If this disease was to break out when the world is overpopulated a disease could take out almost half the entire human race.There are hundreds of diseases that can be spread by animals, some examples are all types of Influenza, Bubonic Plague, zoonotic diseases, HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and Polio. One disease is the Zika virus, it is spread by mosquito bites who bite women and when if the infected women gets pregnant the Zika virus transfers the virus to the child, once the child is born the child could be born with a fatal brain defect. When the world becomes more populated more people could get bit with more mosquitos and get the Zika virus and a whole new generation of kids could be born with a brain