Taking a Look at Ghazan's Reforms and Time in Power

Although Genghis Khan started his empire from a tribe, as a “thoroughly modern man”, he “shaped the modern world of commerce, communication, and large secular states more than any other individual.” (Weatherford:267) In this essay, I agree with Weatherford’s idea for I would argue that the modernized commerce was based on a strong military and organized order

In breaking down the causations and effects of the Mongols regarding their rule on China during 1200-1500, one can see these include the implementation of governing philosophies of elected officials that shaped Chinese culture, the influence of tax-farming systems on China’s economy, and the influence of trade on social hierarchies. An example of an impact by the Mongols on Chinese rule is the negative influences of tax farming on Chinese economy. Another example of a causation of Mongol rule on China is the of tax-farming systems in order to improve revenue in the area.

In the Persian Empire, King Darius introduced the usage of standardized currency and the Royal Road; and Shi Huangdi of the Chinese Empire initiated a centralization program for a highway system and standardization of measurements, including money. In these two similarities, we see the reason behind the long-lasting and strong control the two empires had, as both currency and road systems encouraged trade to flourish—consequently bringing prosperity and peace. Having consolidated the foundations of an empire, people prospered and grew content under the rule of powerful kings such as Darius in Persia and Shi Huangdi in China. However, even with such similarities, there are a two critical differences the two empires

Islam soon acquired vast amounts of territory in Afro-Eurasia, and according to the map, “The Growing Worlds of Islam (900-1500),” it occupied an area from parts of central Asia to West Africa and Eastern Europe by the start of the sixteenth century. This map documents the phases of the growth of Islam for six hundred years, which combined with further analysis will reveal each step in the conquest of each new phase of territory. Controlling all of these nations created standardized trade and common business practices throughout the empire. Using already intact trade routes, such as the Silk Roads, documented in the map provided as document 1, the Islamic empire built an economic system that was unified by common religious beliefs. Comparing the trade routes mapped on both the Silk Roads map and the “The Growing Worlds of Islam (900-1500)” map, one can see that they are very similar, suggesting that they remained the same and that the Islamic empire just took over the control of each. Yet it was not just the Silk Roads that saw a revival at the hands of Muslim commercial excursions. The Mediterranean and Indian Ocean sea routes, as well as the trans-Saharan routes were given new life as well due to the Islamic empire. These routes not only produced trade, but they also opened up opportunities for new agricultural products and a sharing of ideas and innovations. These

Throughout the entirety of the Islamic faith, Islamic civilizations have contributed ideas and characteristics of their culture that have spread throughout the world. Also, Islamic civilizations have helped to develop a variety of ideas and caused fields of industry and facets of culture to advance. These fields include but are not limited to education, medicine, mathematics, technology, literature, architecture and trade. Although every industry in the Islamic civilization has an important role in society, education, medicine and trade prove to be the three most important aspects of Islamic achievements.

The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughals were all gunpowder empires. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast the differences between all of these empires mentioned. Each fall into five different categories.

1839 marked the beginning of the program, with what we would call an executive order today, Hatt-i-Sherif Gulhane. In this document, government structure, taxation, individual rights and education were addressed. There were three essential solutions suggested by the document. First was the guarantee of “security of life, honor and property” for all people. It was advocated that all people, regardless of religion, language or culture, should be granted these basic freedoms. [Goodwin, 2006] Next was a system of taxation. The great financial instability of the Empire was to be remedied by a system that would tax every person and do so according to their wealth. A standardized system of taxing was also expected to reduce corruption, which had been rampant previously. Lastly, military reform was addressed. It was stated that all people should serve in the military and “…an equally regular system for the conscription of requisite troops and the duration of their service” was to be established. Rather than serving lifelong terms in the military, it was stated that each individual would complete a three to five year obligation.

Islamic civilization and its cultural and economic benefits. Although these were ended with the political and

Amid the ancient and medieval age, we see that a leader or a group played the important role as the leader of a chain. When comparing and contrasting the way a king’s or group’s role is played in the ancient age and medieval age, we find differences, particularly when it comes to how they rule the kingdom. But we also find similarities in the way they treated their community and the power they hold. Thus, the king or group was considered the most important voice that brought about change in laws, social order, and government.

Agra was the capital of the Mughal Empire whereas Persian was the main language spoken by the people. The Mughals were mainly known for their rules, governance and dynasty. Like every other society or culture, there was a social hierarchy of tree of order followed among the Mughals and ancient Mughals as well. The society was divided into several segments or parts, each with its own importance, responsibilities, reputation and functions. At the top of the social hierarchy was the rich class who lived a luxurious life and had everything that wanted. This class ruled over the Indian subcontinent and made the rules, policies, and laws. They were headed by the King and emperor. The king made all the final decisions, and was the supreme power over the peoples. The hierarchy for this class goes like this, King, king’s council, decision makers, wazirs, queen, prince, princess, king’s grandsons and granddaughters, and the relatives of the king. The Middle class is right under the rich class on the hierarchy pyramid. The Middle class was the class of nobles who had high paying jobs and lived a comfortable lifestyle. They worked hard in the day and spent during the other parts of the day. They often owned their own land and worked for the king in some way, shape or form. The hierarchy for this class goes like this, merchants,

As a political tactic, rulers often portray themselves in a certain way in order to stabilize their reign and rule more effectively. Some take the approach of uniqueness by setting themselves apart from their subject population while others take the approach of sameness by emphasizing the similarities in which they share with the people. Not exclusively limited to apartness or sameness, some rulers have shown to employ a mix of both ruling styles. It is these versatile rulers who have experienced more successes in their reign because they are not compelled to only one ruling style, allowing them to better adapt to the needs of their ruling population. The apartness ruling style is best seen in the Safavid Empire under the rule of Shah Ismail. Shah Ismail uses religion as a political tool to control his state and does so by declaring Shi’ism, a smaller branch of Islam, as the state religion (#). After separating himself & his people from those who are not willing to abide to his ideologies, Shah Ismail can now demand the absolute loyalties from his subjects and persecute those who are deviant. This radical act further creates a deep chasm between Shi’ite Muslims and nearby Sunni Muslims neighbors. As a result, cultural flow and the exchange of beliefs between Sunni & Shi’ite states are essentially hindered. Ismail’s apartness ruling approach is taken to the extreme with social, religious, and legal systems being strictly confined to Shi’ite doctrines (@). It is noted that

Abdel Balebi, the leader of an exiled group from the Republic of Galafia, has reached out to the US to help bring freedom and democracy to the country through a Foreign Imposed Regime Change (FIRC). He believes that the US can successfully depose the countries authoritarian leader with minimal casualties and democracy will prevail as a result. There will be considerable obstacles that the National Security Council should take into account: the cost of an overt regime change, the history of the country and the democratization process.

The administration of the Mughal economy was directly related to the war making capabilities of the Empire. The relationship between war making and economic management was at the heart of the patronage and ranking system that distributed economic and political

Owing to the constant and unpredictable transfers of jagirs, Bhimsen tells us late in Aurangzeb’s reign, the agents of the jagirdars had given up the practice of helping the peasantry or making firm arrangements. Moreover, the ‘amils of the jagirdars were not sure of their own tenures of employment and so,” proceeding tyrannically”, were unrelenting in the collection of revenue. When the jagirdar, instead of appointing his agents to collect the revenue, farmed out the jagir, the evil was worse still. The land was being laid waste, says Sadiq khan, writing of Shahjahan’s reign, through bribery and revenue farming, as a result of which the peasantry was being robbed and plundered.

The 320 year rule of the Delhi Sultanate in the subcontinent of India ushered in a unique synthesis of cultures that would forever alter the fabric of the empire’s cultural landscape in countless ways. The Delhi Sultanate stretched from the years 1206 to 1526 with its perhaps most notable and lasting effect being its bringing together and assimilating of Indian and Islamic cultures, which had up until this point, never happened on quite this scale. This monumental conquest was part of a larger cultural and political growth, as during this time, nomadic Turkic peoples that had formerly been enslaved by Asian civilizations were gaining their freedom and rising through the ranks of Western Asian and Middle Eastern societies. This was also a period that saw a radical spread of Islam through the predominately at that point, Hindu-based societies in Western Asia, particularly in India which created the Indo-Persian culture that we still see today in this part of the world. The Delhi Sultanate can be credited with many widespread accomplishments but premierely, their creating of a new, Islamic India with a synthesized culture that proved to be decidedly different from the ancient Indian culture that the subcontinent had known for centuries.