Hepatitis B, C Hepatitis B virus (HBV) belongs to the Hepadnarvirus family. The virus particle consists a lipid envelope that contains surface antigens, HBsAg, a core composed of protein, viral DNA, and polymerase. Theses virions are approximately 40 nm in diameter, which are known as one of the smallest enveloped animal viruses. It infects hepatocytes, also known as Dana particles. The genome of HBV is circular, partly double stranded, and approximately 3,200 nucleotides long. Dr. Baruch Blumberd first discovered HBV in 1963 when he discovered an antigen that had a presence of HBV in blood samples. Dr. Blumberd and his colleagues travelled around the world collecting blood samples. They specifically studied patients who had received multiple blood transfusions. After research, they found the antigen that caused hepatitis B, which was then recognized in 1967. Two years later, Dr. Blumberg and his colleague invented the hepatitis B vaccine. The hepatitis B vaccine was named the first anti-cancer vaccine from the US Food and Drug Administration due to its prevention of chronic hepatitis infections that resulted in the prevention of liver cancer due to HBV. The hepatitis B vaccines are now given to millions of people, particularly in Asia and Africa. Hepatitis B is transmitted through blood and infected bodily fluid. This can happen several ways. First, it can be from direct blood-to-blood contact. This can happen when an individual get a blood transfusion from an
So what is Hepatitis B and what causes it? This is a liver disease that is normally spread through person to person via contact with the following: blood, semen, body fluids from a person with the virus. Most commonly, this disease unfortunately is spread from the mother to her
It is a known fact that all measures of physiological function decline in human aging. While genetics certainly play a role in the declining of physiological function with age, it can be argued that a fundamental part of aging can be reflected by chemical processes resulting in the appearance of harmful side products of the normal metabolism over time. When enzymes speed up reactions it is harder to slow them down. At the same time side reactions are constantly occurring and more and more unwanted side products are continuously being formed.
Hepatitis B is also an STD (Sexually transmitted disease). A mother can also pass this virus to her baby. However, hugging, kissing, sharing food does not lead to
A major issue in the United States is gun control. Due to multiple mass shootings in schools and public areas, restrictions regarding guns have been implemented across the United States. Andrew Parks, a student at The University of Alabama, wrote an article against gun restrictions. His article, “The University should allow concealed carry,” supports the idea of college campuses like The University of Alabama, allowing students to conceal carry firearms. In an article written by Jennie Kushner, the opinions of students on the University of Alabama’s Police Department’s gun policy are presented. The safety of student body relies on the students’ feeling safe. That safety comes from less gun control laws and policies on campus. Each of the articles stated provides information against gun control in different ways.
Hepatitis B is a virus that has been on the rise recently that everyone needs to know about. Hepatitis B has many types of transmissions, that make it harmful for babies and young children, along with adults; everyone is at risk. Hepatitis (literally inflammation of the liver) comes in many forms A, B, C, and more, but today we will be focusing on Hepatitis B. Inflammation of the liver can cause liver damage or failure, leading to death, which is what makes Hepatitis B such a dangerous virus. The Hepatitis B virus (HBV) enters the liver and attacks liver cells, leading to the liver becoming hardened over time due to it being constantly under attack by HBV, while a normal liver
Hepatitis B is transmitted through bodily fluids and is surprisingly easier to get then you would think, anything from an unsanitary hospital to a kiss. Hep B’s symptoms can be treated but the virus cannot, meaning if you have it you can be fine but it will still be passed down from you. Hepatitis B is incredibly easy to get and cannot be fully erased unless your body is taught how to fight it.
The difference in regards to how a Hepatitis B epidemic is dealt with depends on if it’s a developing country where this disease is currently prohibitively high and vaccines are readily available. For example, in United States, if a mother tests positive, the newborn is then vaccinated following delivery to prevent transmission. Additionally, this is a government requirement for children that are staring daycare or school
The genetic material of the hepatitis B virus then becomes a permanent part of the plant cells. As the banana plant grows, the non-infectious gene of the virus produces protein, and this modified version of the plant is now capable of creating the new protein in all the bananas it produces.
Lastly is unprotected sex. The virus is present in the menstrual blood of infected women, so sexual intercourse at this time creates a potentially hazardous situation. There have been reports of transmission of HCV through sexual intercourse outside menses and between males, but there is current debate as to whether this is actually possible without the presence of a skin or tissue tear or some other disease that provide an opening in the skin of both the infected person and potential recipient. Most people are surprised to learn they have hepatitis C. Many people believe, they were never at risk for acquiring the virus. They, therefore, cannot imagine how they contracted it.
Hepatitis B is transmitted when blood, semen, or another body fluid from a person infected with the Hepatitis B virus enters the body of someone who is not infected. This can happen through sexual contact; sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment, or even from mother to baby at birth. For some people, hepatitis B is an acute, or short-term, illness but for others, it can become a long-term, chronic infection. In addition, some people, especially adults, are able to clear, or get rid of the virus without treatment. People who clear the virus become immune and cannot get infected with the Hepatitis B virus
―Communicable disease‖ means an illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host‖ ("CDC," 2010, p. 1). Hepatitis B is one of the communicable diseases which are a contagious liver disease that results from infection with the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). CAUSES ―Exposure may occur: After a needle stick or sharps
Hepatitis B is a disease that basically attacks the liver. Hepatitis B is a transmitted disease, meaning you can't get hepatitis B unless a persons bodily fluids has been transmitted from one person to another who isn't affected. You can get hepatitis B by also doing common things that doesn't seem like not a big deal, but leads to a big effect later on. For example, you can get hepatitis B by using another person's razor because if you cut yourself with it and they cut themselves with it as well it could lead to infection and easily into your body. Also by sharing dirty needles and being tattooed and that's's why it is very important to make sure everything is completely sanitized no matter what it is. Depending how badly it is you could cause
Due to being asymptomatic, hepatitis b virus can go undetected in people for years. Many healthy people have an acute hepatitis b infection and fully recover without ever realizing that they were ill. A small percentage of people will become ill with a chronic case of the hepatitis B virus. According to Tarrant et al. (2013), the younger population exposed to an acute episode will be more likely to develop chronic hepatitis B. Tarrant et al. (2013), also states as many as 50% of young children and 90% of infants exposed will go on to develop the chronic form of this
When I read Meno and how Plato talks about virtue being different for different people. I agree with his statement to a certain degree, according to Oxford Dictionaries virtue means “a quality considered morally good or desirable in a person.” I can see why Plato would say that virtue is different based on a person’s quality to be taught. But for him to say that it is different for a man and a woman I do not agree with this statement. Plato is making virtue being different due to gender. But either person, male or a female have a biological state or disposition obtaining virtue. I think that virtue is different for some people due to learned behavior in their upbringing. A person can acquire virtue by the values and morals being taught or a sense of behavior, and habits are being formed whether they are good, bad, right or wrong as children. Many of us have formulated our views based on what we have heard, seen, or were taught to believe. I feel that Social class and culture has a great deal to do with some of the displaced morals and values such as ethical subjectivism according to Jean Jacques Rousseau “what a person feels is right is right, and what a person feel is wrong is wrong” (rousseau p.223). In the article on Ethical Subjectivism written by Jean Jacques Rousseau stating that each person determines what is morally right. She gives an example of Emily and Jorge; Jorge steals Emily’s lap top and he feel as though it is okay due to the fact that his lap top
Individuals with inactive hepatitis B surface antigen are referred to as chronic carriers. These individuals may not show clinical signs of the disease. They do not exhibit raised levels of AST and ALT, but they tend to have low viral loads (Zein & Edwards, 2009). Individuals with HBeAg positive or negative tend to exhibit higher viral loads and they are both contagious (Zein & Edwards, 2009). Individuals who are HBeAg negative do not have the antigen themselves, but are still able to spread the disease to others. Individuals who have resolved chronic hepatitis B are less likely to develop liver cancer or cirrhosis and their AST, ALT, and