Taking a Look at Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom: Animalia, it's an organism who is multicellular meaning eukaryotic and can move anywhere by itself though its lifespan.

When society thinks about starfish, perch, chordate, and fetal pig they become extremely curious about how their bodies operate because of how they are made up. I will give a brief synopsis of all animals before going into major detail about them. According to the online website named dictionary.com, Starfish are any echinoderm of the class Asteroidea, having the body radially arranged, usually in the form of a star, with five or more rays or arms radiating from a central disk; asteroid (dictionary.com). It is known that a chordate is an animal belonging to the phylum Chordata, composed of true vertebrates and animals having a notochord (dictionary.com). According to research, a fetal pig is an animal in the phylum Chordata and class Mammalia (dictionary.com). A perch is known to be a certain kind of fish with very spiny fins (dictionary). Starfish, perch, chordate, and fetal pig are some very interesting animals that possess some exclusive qualities both similar and different.

animal in the early stages of growth when it’s basic structure and organ development is forming.

Suspension feeder – “filter feeder”: capture food by filtering out particles suspended in air or water (ex. baleen whale and krill shrimp)

One of the parts that they are divided into is called the cephalothorax which consists of the head region and the thoracic region. The second part is called the abdomen. The abdomen consists of six clearly divided segments. The chordate is not divided into parts. They all belong to the animal kingdom.

Different organisms that have similar basic structures, but can be used for different purposes are evidence for a common ancestor. These are called homologous structures. An example is the pentadactyl limb, which is the basic structure found in amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The basic structure is formed of:

A cladogram is a chart that show similarities through a selected species of organism or completely random organisms. They are basically tree like structures to show similar characteristics. Some of these characteristics may be opposable thumbs, hair, cells, or segmented bodies, although all characters can be used. There are many different names for these such charts: phylogeny, evolutionary tree, phylogenetic tree, and cladogram.(reading trees, 2006) In cladograms, there are clades, a clade is a group of species that shares a common ancestor. Each of these organisms share a common trait or traits with this ancestor. While cladograms show certain similarities between species, there is no defined strength of any of the similarities, thus all must be treated with equal meaning. This can lead to awkward situations of species which seem to bare no resemblance to each other being actually correct. This can show great evidence towards evolution only depending upon the organisms used in such a chart.

In the ‘NOVA LABS; The Evolution Lab,’ we found that creating a phylogenetic tree can show how different species are related to each other. A simple body part, like a vertebrate, can put species into a certain group. This means that history can prove that species do change over time because one branch represents a single species that has had a speciation. When a speciation occurs, over time, more branches appear with more species on each, which creates a tree that has more biodiversity. In ‘The Stickleback Fish - A Story of Modern Evolution’ activity, it states, “The Three-Spined Stickleback is a model organism for studies in evolution.” This means actions, such as breeding Stickleback, can help scientists see how the fish and other organisms evolve because the Stickleback fish has such a short life-span, that they can breed and get results, fast. In brief, history can prove that species do change over time because breeding can show how the Stickleback population has occurred and how different traits can be expressed in the future generations. In the ‘Comparative Anatomy’ activity, we found that when looking at two different species, you can see how they are related because both species can possess similar traits and forms. When comparing different species, you can see how different and similar two species’ bodily structures are. When looking at the bodily structures, you could see how the species has evolved over time and how some body parts stay the same. In short, history can prove that species do change over time because creating phylogenetic trees, breeding species, and comparing body parts can help scientist see who the species evolved from and how these species can continue to

1)Every animal has unique differences from each other to make them and their species special. For example, Jesus Christ Lizard has a very unique structural adaptation. If this Lizard feels a threat, it can run on top of the water very fast. Another example is, stag beetle. Male stag beetle has a very big jowl and this is important for them because with a bigger jowl they can fight easily with the other stag beetles and reach out the female beetle.

Sean Carroll’s book Endless Forms Most Beautiful, attempts to explain the variety of animal forms, structures and functions by comparing them to rules that he had found. Such rules include: major “rules” for generating animal forms, species-specific encoding information, evolutionary diversity and large-scale trends in evolution. It begins by assessing the similarities between ancient and modern organisms. It notes that the structure of certain parts like vertebrates and limbs are similar in proportion and can be varied in shape and repetition. It cites animals parts like butterfly wings to show repetition of scales, snakes to show repeating vertebrae and compared a salamander to a dinosaur to express how each follow the same modular body plan.

Cladistic analysis refers to the study of the evolutionary relationships between genes, populations, and species through the construction of phylogenetic trees. Nonetheless, character polarity refers to the cladistic relationship among character states within distinct characters, and outgroup comparison is the primary method to determine the aforementioned clause within a cladogram. By comparing the character states with the outgroup, they would be considered ancestral trait if the traits are the same as the outgroup, and if not, derived traits. The primitive character state is known as plesiomorphic, and the derived character state is called apormorphic. In other words, apormorphic refers to the state that references to another character state

Taxonomy is a branch of science concerned with the classification of organisms. Humans would be put into the Family/Subfamily category because we share similar body types/structures with hominids like chimps, bonbons, and gorillas but each species has evolved in different ways due to each one's circumstance. The concept of taxonomy can also be explained with diseases like swine flu and HIV they share a similar mock-up with other diseases but the evolved in different ways becoming much more deadly and unpredictable but still similar in certain ways to other diseases.

Planarians are a kind of flatworm that don’t have specific cellular differentiation. So, they are able to regenerate when almost anything happens to them. This leads to the question, “At which point does cellular differentiation allow organisms to function?” We hypothesized that cellular differentiation is not necessary for organism survival. To test our hypothesis, we cut the planarians into four different sections to see if each part will grow into a new planarian. The head of the planarian was excluded, but each of the other sections were placed into separate petri dishes filled with water to observe and see if they re-grow and begin reacting to their environment again. This experiment will help us understand whether cellular differentiation

During the course of the past thirty years, the study of model organisms has become more significant in the study of embryological development. A model organism is a species that is easy to cultivate and monitor in a laboratory environment and is used to represent broad groups of organisms. Examples of successful and important model organisms include the Ascidia, Zebrafish, and Medeka species. Through intense researching of these organisms, scientists have been able to gain valuable insight into the developmental processes of many complex vertebrates, including humans.

Metazoans are most likely a clade, that is, they all descended from one kind of protist. All metazoans originally had one cilium or flagellum per cell, for example. Metazoans also share the same kind of early development. They form into infolded balls of internal cells which are often free to move, and are covered by outer sheets of cells that form an external coating for the animal: a skin, if you like.