Taking a Look at MIMO Techniques

In the Multihop Virtual Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) the data are collected by multiple source nodes and transmitted to a remote sink by multiple hops [11]. In this, the cluster head sends message to sensor nodes in the cluster. Next the sensor nodes encode the data and sends to cluster head in the next hope according to the orthogonal Space Time Block Code [STBC]. It saves the energy and provides QoS provisioning.

Right now the future of MIMO isn’t secure. Because devices won’t be interoperable, the cost to change over will be prohibitive. The standards based Wi-Fi gear like routers would benefit from MIMO technology. This would include the Belkin, Linksys and Netgear routers.

In Fig. 1, the 4 nodes are considered. Among the four nodes 2 of the nodes (Node 1 and Node 2) are primary networks and 2 other nodes (Node A and Node B) are secondary networks. The two networks act in different frequency range. The primary network acts at a range of 2.4GHz - 2.4835GHz range. The secondary network acts at a range of 433MHz - 473MHz represents the block diagram of the proposed system. The use of different frequencies increases the number of users. Node 1 and Node 2 communicate at 2.4GHz and Node A and Node B communicate at 433.9MHz. The nodes are made mobile and this causes high interference. This is cancelled by channeling where the frequencies are slotted. Multi-hop cognitive radio technique occurs when the data is transmitted from one secondary node to another which is out of range via primary node. At that time the primary node which is of MIMO antenna switches itself to the secondary node frequency and transmits the data. Wireless MIMO systems with multiple antennas employed at both the transmitter and receiver have gained attention because of their promising improvement in terms of performance and bandwidth efficiency [8].

This paper is organized as follows: Section II will discuss the evolution of mobile wireless networks, Section III will introduce objectives of the 5G mobile network, Section IV will talk about goals to be evaluated in 5G wireless network communications, and Section V will present some concluding remarks.

MIMO antenna configuration is requires in spatial multiplexing. In spatial multiplexing the high rate signal is divide into low rate signals and each individual stream is transmitted from different transmit antenna which is having the same frequency channel. Spatial multiplexing is technique which is capable of increasing channel capacity at higher signal to noise

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In networking technology, wireless is the term used to describe any network where there is no physical wired connection between sender and receiver, but rather the network by radio waves or micro waves to maintain communications. The evolution of technology specially in mobile technology is the most and fast developing, that era starts from 1G in 1980s and it is replaced by a continuous emerging of next generations. To compensate the drawbacks of each previous generation next generation with lot of new applications is introduced. Now it is fourth generation that is 4G, beyond 4G now researches are going on about 5G and it will come into existence by 2020s. In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service. To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper presents the results of a detailed survey on the fifth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of users. A detailed survey is included regarding all wireless generations especially concentrated on 5G by research groups and

The IEEE 801.16 classified into two layers that are physical layer (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layer. The PHY help four particulars which are single carrier (MAN-SC), Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), Time Division Duplexing (TDD) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). WiMAX PHY is founded on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing to creating transmitter to achieve high speed data transfer. Physical layers are intended for non-line of sight operation in frequency bands lower 11 GHz.

In order to maintain the competitiveness of the 3GPP cellular system, Long Term Evolution (LTE), is developed. For downlink transmission the technique selected is Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA). In this time and frequency resources are reused in adjacent cells, inter cell interference becomes the crucial limiting factor. This problem can be overcome by using interference mitigation techniques. The

Moreover, the cost of implementing WiMAX is low, yet plentiful bandwidth to limited or nonexistent areas. For its power supply, WiMAX provides sleep mode in order to extend battery life and power efficiency. Tests of WiMAX coupled with WiFi versus satellite systems have been conducted to evaluate the performance. The result showed that satellite had weaker connection, while WiMAX met the expected performance. Nevertheless, a maximum of four users could log onto the network and maintain high quality calls in some circumstances. Fast data rates and extended coverage, flexible allocation of radio signals, low power consumption, data-casting and audio and video streams, and channel switching are all benefits of WiMAX and WiFi which are critical for natural disaster communication (Certain & Liu, 2013).

The field of antennas is vigorous and dynamic, and over the last 60 years antenna technology has been an indispensable partner of the communication revolution. Antenna has been considered an important component in the development of modern wireless communication devices. In addition to receiving and transmitting energy, an antenna in an advanced wireless system is usually required to optimize the radiation energy in some directions and suppress in others. For wireless communication systems the antenna is one of the most critical components. A good design of the antenna can relax system requirements and improve overall system performance.

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) [2, 3, 30, 31] systems were introduced in order to enhance the performance of the wireless communications systems to provide robustness, high data rates, and reliability by overcoming the channel fading with the use of multiple antennas. A MIMO system offers redundancy through the multiple independent channels, which are created between the transmitting and the receiving antennas of the system. Using multiple-input multiple output systems, significant improvements are made in the coverage ranges of the communication systems and the data throughput without the need for additional transmission power or bandwidth expansion.

In today’s technological culture the term Wi-Fi is omnipresent and almost every device intended to connect to the internet has corresponding hardware. In the following chapters the components of this transmission standard will be examined and the basic concepts explained. The specifications and changes to this standard are extensive and therefore only the most important aspects are considered. The information originates from the IEEE standardization committee and two independent and recently published books. The standard will be explained, followed by the historical details and the protocol changes over time. After this the actual use and functionality is described and in the end will be a look at future trends.

A Macrocell user operating in the same band as femtocell users may cause unacceptably high interference levels, if it is close to the femtocell base station supporting the aforementioned femtocell users, and far away from its own macrocell base station. Additionally, the fact that femtocells can be deployed in an ad hoc fashion anywhere within a macrocell, and can be removed as easily, adds to the critical importance of interference management. Notwithstanding the importance of this issue, the concerns listed above renders jointly optimal design of the two networks impractical due to the complexity and overhead associated with a large dynamic network. Consequently, a computationally manageable yet effective interference management strategy is needed. Interference management has been an important design element for multiuser systems in the past two decades. Judicious receiver design for interference limited systems, e.g., CDMA, and multiuser MIMO, proves useful for interference cancellation [3]. In addition to multiuser detection, transmit power control [4], and joint design of transmitters and receivers [5], [6] offer interference mitigation needed in interference limited systems. We note that while our approach does not involve explicit frequency partitioning between the tiers, i.e., relies solely on the space dimensions, allowing for greater flexibility, it is possible to have our scheme accompany a frequency partitioning scheme and increase the number

MIMO techniques are essentially a major part in LTE framework.Some prominent features of MIMO which are very useful for LTE case are as follows-