Taking a Look at the Nasal Cycle

This paper explores a regional issue of White-Nose Syndrome in bats throughout Missouri. Left untreated this fungus could cause several endangered bat species to become extinct. There are several new experiments to see if we can control the spread of White-Nose Syndrome including exposing bats to a bacterium, creating man made hibernation stations or other changes within the bats makeup. The best results we have seen so far must go back to the preservation of a banana. This bacterium may be the best way to preserve our current way of life without hopefully changing to world around us greatly as well.

“Obtaining oxygen and removing carbon dioxide are the primary functions of the respiratory system, which includes tubes that filter incoming air and transport air into and out of the lungs as well as microscopic air sacs where gases are exchanged” (Moini, 2013, p.497). Our respiratory system is broken down into two sections known as the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract.

I can distinctly remember myself as a young child walking outside at dusk and looking up into the sky seeing a recurring black cloud floating above, swooping and diving like a synchronized ballet above me. Now, sixteen or so odd years later when I visit my parents country home in North Georgia, I no longer see the performance dancing above me. This is a sad reminder of a much bigger issue. The issue I am referring to is the huge decline in the eastern bat population due to WNS or White Nose Syndrome.

Air (oxygen) is inhaled into the body by the nose. The air is warmed filtered and moistured in the nasal cavity as the air needs to be cleaned before passing it along to the pharynx. Mucous is held in the sinus cavity. With the joint help from the mucous and the tiny hairs in the nose our nose ensures that the air is cleared of pathogens so that the air is clean to move on to the pharynx. The tiny hairs in the nose causes us to sneeze resulting in pathogens that may have been inhaled to be sneezed out and released back into the atmosphere.

White nose syndrome is a fungal disease that has been devastating North American bat populations since 2006. It is characterized by a white “fuzzy muzzle”, wing lesions, and mortality. The epidemic has killed over 6.7 million bats to date; yet the majority of hibernating bats are not listed on the Endangered Species Act. Pseudogymnoascus destructans is the fungal pathogen that is both psychrophilic and keratinophilic and it invades the bats at a time when they are actively suppressing respiration, have a slowed metabolism, lowered body temperature and a weakened immune system. Scientists have observed unusual flying patterns during hibernation periods. Early on physiological disturbances are proposed to take place causing the most impacted

Measure the cranial length with a spreading caliper from the glabella to the opisthocranion. Record the number in centimeters.

Up-to-date, there were no studies have been published and focusing on the effect of manual therapy techniques with diaphragm release on diaphragm strength among asymptomatic smokers population and no study measure the strength of the diaphragm objectively by specific reliable tool. Pre and post-test measurements using the MicroRPM device which gives the reading of the sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP) which is reflecting exactly the diaphragm strength value among the participants in both experimental and control groups. The unit measuring the diaphragm strength by the

Nasal polyps sound strange but they are actually fairly common. Nasal polyps are noncancerous, teardrop shaped growths that develop on the inside of your nose and around your sinuses. They are found in areas where the sinuses open up into the nasal cavity. Nasal polyps range in size and resemble peeled, seedless grapes.

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White nose syndrome is a fungus that grows on hibernating bats’ muzzles that has killed nearly 6 million of them. Although traditionally found in most if not all eastern states, bats in caves as far south as Mississippi, as far west as Oklahoma, and as far north as Canada have been found with the devastating fungus. Infecting 47 species of bats, the disease was first noticed in the winter of 2006-2007 in New York, because of the odd behavior of the bats. It was later discovered that the fungus, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, causes infected bats to exhibit uncommon behavior such as flying during the day. Scientist have discovered that this fungus, which distributed hydration cycles, caused the bats to awake early during hibernation in order

A nasal foreign body is an object inserted inside the nose. The seriousness of your condition depends on what the object is. The object may cause the nose to become irritated and bleed, and it may cause trouble swallowing if it is swallowed and blocks the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach (esophagus).

As asthma becomes more persistent and inflammation progresses, other factors further limit airflow. These include mucus hypersecretion, inflammation, edema, and the formation of mucus plugs. Airway hyper responsiveness, which is an exaggerated bronchoconstrictor response to a wide variety of stimuli is a major but not unique feature of asthma. The mechanisms influencing airway hyper responsiveness are multiple and include inflammation, structural changes, and dysfunctional neuroregulation. Inflammation appears to be a major factor in determining the degree of airway hyper responsiveness. This bronchial hyper responsiveness occurs after bronchoprovocation by methacholine, histamine, cold air, exercise, viral upper respiratory infection, cigarette smoke and respiratory allergens. Bronchial provocation with allergen induces a prompt early phase immunoglobin E (IgE)-mediated decrease in bronchial airflow followed in many patients by a late phase IgE-mediated reaction with a decrease in bronchial airflow for 4-8 hours. The gross pathology of asthmatic airways displays smooth muscle hypertrophy, lung hyperinflation, mucosal edema, lamina reticularis thickening, epithelial cell sloughing, mucus gland hypersecretion,

Obstructive Sleep Apnea may be caused by either structural defect, swelling to airway passages, obesity, or the muscles are unable to support the airway due to loss of muscle tone during sleep. Structural defects include deviated septum, which narrows the nasal canals causing airflow to increase in speed and increase the chance of airway collapse. Changes in the spinal column can cause the tongue to sit closer to the pharynx causing the airway.” Mucosal swelling to the nasal canals can be cause by allergy’s, allergic reaction, or upper airway infections.” (Ronald M. Harper, 1988) Obesity

Every superhero has a villain; Superman has Lex Luthor, the Flash has Professor Zoom, and Batman has the Joker. These arch enemies can be beaten. Our real life bats have a villain of their own, but it is not quite so easily vanquished. Who is this villain you might ask? It’s not a who, but a what: White Nose Syndrome. White Nose Syndrome, a fungal disease found in bats in the last ten years that is wiping out bat populations and threatens the extinction of certain species.

Graham, Gary Lynn., and Fiona Reid. Bats of the World: 103 Species in Full Color. New York: Golden, 1994. Print.