Taking a look at the Petroleum Industry

The first step in Hydraulic fracturing is, drilling straight down to the marked depth. Hydrofracking operations can rupture much greater extent of shale rock by administrating wells laterally after drilling. This allows them to acquire more natural gas. A contrasting conformist natural gas form of extraction, wells are drilled into penetrable or semi-penetrable rock constructions, fracking permits drillers to acquire eccentric fossil fuel that would more than likely be unobtainable for withdrawal.

Before starting the process of fracking the drilling site must be suitable. The site must be four to six acres, cleared from large equipment, and have plastic lines placed for drilling waste . In addition, their must be a water impoundment with about 4 million gallons of water that is collected and stored in order to be pumped into the well. This water is transferred by tanks, trucks, or plastic-lined ponds . Hydraulic fracturing processes begins by drilling a vertical well. The drilling goes through aquifers and dozens of geological layers before it reaches desired location of shale rocked believed to contain natural gas. The drill begins drilling horizontally and a production casing is then inserted into the borehole which is surrounded by cement to case it. Next, a perforating gun is fired to make the shale rock more penetrable. A mixture of water, sand, and various undisclosed chemicals are then pumped in at high pressure in order to fracture/break the shale for the gas to escape. After the fissures in the shale rock occur the natural gas is released through the fissures and is taken up the well to the surface. Last, the water byproduct, also referred to as flow back water or produced water is released and travels back to the surface. The gas that is collected is then processed, refined, and shipped to distributors

When a new oil field begins its production process, nature takes its course and does most of the work. The natural pressures from the reservoir force the oil into production

They then pump fluid through pipelines into the drilled areas in order to extract materials that would further indicate the presence of oil. Once a company is certain that there is a sufficient amount of oil at a given location to make drilling worthwhile, it sets up a more permanent structure, or platform, from which to extract it. The oil that is pumped out is sent through pipelines back to shore. An offshore facility can pump oil from a field for decades.

| Legal impacts on oil and natural energy extraction and production are determined at a local level and thus the main issues which arise typically relate to cross-border transactions and the legal issues of transportation (SMI, 2010). International legal issues in the industry are constrained to safety considerations such as decommissioning given the highly hazardous nature of the raw materials and production process. This in part explains the high infrastructure investment costs as Petrobras must ensure the safety of any new exploration and extraction venture.

Fracking of oil, is the extraction of oil from below the earth's surface through a process which entails drilling down into the earth to create a well. Two or ore steel casings are set in the wall to help keep the wall open by providing support and preventing fluid and gas flow into the surrounding ground. When the casting is in place, cement is pumped down inside the casing and on the outside. This is done to prevent liquids and gas leaking behind the casing. After the well is constructed, liquids (water) and special chemicals are pumped down the well at high pressures and creating fissures in the rocks. When these fractures crack open, oil and gas escape from them and return to the surface to be used. Fractures are kept open by materials

After the correct depth is reached, then a directional, or horizontal section is drilled to reach the oil or gas deposits. The fractures in the rock are formed from a process that consists of pumping a large amount of a fluid mixture into the rock formations at high pressures. The fluid is mostly made of water, a proppant (materials that keep the fractures open), and chemicals that help open the rock fractures further. Internal pressure pushes the fluid mixture back to the surface after the process is complete. The fluid that comes back to the surface is referred to as “flowback” or “produced water.” This waste fluid is usually “injected underground for disposal,” but in some cases it is treated with more chemicals and then discharged into water sources (“The Process of Hydraulic Fracturing”).

Introduction and Background In the oil and gas industry, fracking is a major current issue that engineers are dealing with for the current state of the United states. Hydraulic fracking, or "fracking" is the process of drilling a well to the depth in the earth where shale rock is located. Once the drill bit reaches this specific depth, the drilling alters its path to a horizontal track into the shale rock in order to span the entire reservoir. Next, fracking fluid, consisting of sand, liquid chemicals, and water, is injected into the shale rock at a high pressure, which cause small cracks, known as fissures, in the rock. This action allows oil and natural gas to freely escape into the pipeline. The oil and gas mixture then flows to the surface

Every foreman is assigned to receive individual reports from about 180-220 oil wells, and view their production rates. After viewing these reports, Andres compares approximate numbers that each oil well is projected to produce financially, and compare those numbers to the recent production rates. If a well is not functioning up to the expected progress to meet the set financial goals, it is the foreman’s job to notify the operators to fix the situation. Andres uses a total approximated income number to examine if his whole route is producing on quota. If an oil well is significantly producing more water than oil/natural gas, than the production service of that well should try to be optimized the best they can because SM Energy makes money from selling fossil fuels, not water. All wells require money to be operated, so if a well is not making much money, then it should not be worth investing in if it is not going to make any money in

For centuries, oil and natural gas have been drilled and mined using conventional means, by digging in oil rich sandstones, conventional rocks. Due to the permeability of these rocks, it is easy for the oil and gas to flow to the surface from well bores and be collected for commercial use. But recently, concerns have been raised regarding the over-exploitation of these resources, as various reports show that with the current level of exploration, these reserves will soon be depleted.

Hydraulic fracturing, also known as “fracking” is a reservoir stimulation technique. In other words, it can be defined as a process of deeply drilling down into the Earth and injecting high-pressurized water mixture, which contains water, sand and other chemicals into the ground. After having been pumped into the ground, the fracking fluid creates cracks in deep-rock formations, allowing oil and gas to flow out of the well. The phrase “gas shale” refers to natural gas that is extracted from deep hard rock formations by using fracking. The shale gas production nowadays involves six steps: seismic exploration, pad construction, vertical and horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing, sustained production and waste disposal. It is obvious that

The purpose of this report is to discuss estimated ultimate reserves of gas, oil, and NGL. Also, to discuss the drilling and development costs per well for the Eagle Ford shale, the Bakken shale, the Marcellus shale, and the Tuscaloosa Marine shale. Next, I will comment on the first exploratory well and the company responsible for the discovery well. I will then discuss the

After years of hard work by our geologists, geophysicists, and reservoir engineers, an oil field was discovered. Before deciding whether to develop this field or not, an economic assessment of our potential production options

In the context of Economic Development of the country and Energy Security, the role of petroleum and petroleum products as a vital fuel will continue to be there though with a changing face. To address the global needs and demand over next 20-30 years and beyond, substantial increase in Energy Research especially in Hydrocarbon Sector is critical . The high capital investment is required for highly uncertain gains as well as a need to rely on highly expensive foreign technology for accurate exploration and production activities. Oil and gas legislations varies in every country, they depend on the purpose and the intention of regulating the countries strategic assets . However, the main objectives of each State party are the same, to take control of its assets and to get revenue for the economic development. In order to develop and to make use of its assets, the State will cooperate with International Oil Companies (IOCs) which has the ability, knowledge and experience in this industry. The adoption of an effective regime for petroleum development is strongly influenced by the geological prospects of a country and the technological and financial resources needed for exploration and production of hydrocarbons. By requiring substantial capital investments and sophisticated technical skills, petroleum developments are often beyond the resources possessed by most governments but are likely to be provided by

This phase as the name implies, is the phase just before we start producing from the well and pumping up the hydrocarbons. This is also the phase when the completion personal hands over the well to the production crew. Well integrity in this phase is very critical because we have to check the well barriers and the well barrier elements and make sure they can handle the different types of demand prior to pumping the hydrocarbons out of the formation. Also important is the well barrier schematics and well barrier diagrams for the well and the necessary procedures to be taken should there be a well barrier failure . A well barrier schematic and well barrier