Target Therapy For Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is cancer that begins in the ovaries. Ovaries are reproductive glands establish only in women. The ovaries produce eggs (ova) for reproduction. The eggs journey during the fallopian tubes into the uterus where the fertilized egg embeds and establish into a fetus. The ovaries are also the major cause of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. One ovary is situated on each side of the uterus in the pelvis. Many types of tumors can generate rising in the ovaries. The majority of these are benign (noncancerous) and never multiply outside the ovary. Benign tumors can be treated effectively by removing either the ovary or the part of the ovary that contains the tumor. Ovarian tumors that are not benign or malignant (cancerous)

2. Herzog, T. J., Armstrong, D. K., Brady, M. F., Coleman, R. L., Einstein, M. H., Monk, B. J., . . . Alvarez, R. D. (2014). Ovarian cancer clinical trial endpoints: Society of Gynecologic Oncology white paper. Gynecologic Oncology,132(1), 8-17. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.11.008

Genomic research has shown that the presence of certain gene alterations/mutations can reliably predict the likelihood of clinical benefit using agents that inhibit the expression of defective genes responsible for carcinogenesis or DNA repair. Relevant to this case, is the demonstration of an altered ATM gene that appears to predict the sensitivity to PARP inhibitors, such as olaparib. Clinical responses have demonstrated in at least one clinical trial. 1 Olaparib has been granted “Breakthrough Therapy” designation by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer harboring an ATM gene mutation. Based on similar data, olaparib has already received FDA-approval for use in treating metastatic ovarian cancer in patients having a BRCA 1/2 mutation. The benefit of “Breakthrough Therapy” designation is to expedite development of

Ovarian cancer is cancer of the ovaries and is listed as the fifth cause of death in women. Ovaries are the reproductive glands of only females and the main source of a female’s estrogen and progesterone. The ovaries are made up of 3 kinds of cells, which can also develop different types of tumors. Epithelial tumors start from the cell that covers the outer surface of the ovaries. Germ cell tumors start from the cells that produce the eggs. Stromal tumors start from the structural tissues that hold the ovary together and produce the female hormones (1).

Ovarian cancer is less common, with a projected 22, 440 new cases. However, it carries a much higher mortality rate.

Ovarian cancer incidence has shown a decreasing trend over the past two decades. According to the National Health Institute, incidence rates have decreased by 3.5% from 1992 to 2014 in the United States (“Cancer Stat Facts,” 2014). Numerous risk factors contribute to the incidence of ovarian cancer (Reid, Permuth, & Sellers, 2017). An earlier age of menarche in young girls and a later age of menopause in older women have both shown an increased risk due to more ovulation cycles. In relation to the number of ovulation cycles, increased parity relates to a decrease in incidence. Genetics plays a role as well, specifically with mutations to the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Much of the recent research studies center around Or (OCs) as preventive

Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer related to the ovaries. It currently accounts for approximately 3% of all cancers in women. Ovaries are comprised of three types of cells, each of them being able to differentiate into a type of cancer. These three types are epithelial, germ, and stromal cells. The most common type of ovarian cancer is derived from the epithelial cells. According to the American Cancer Society, ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from all types of cancer that are related to the female reproductive system. Moreover, it is estimated that approximately 55% of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer die in the first 5 years of diagnosis. However, if the tumor is diagnosed before the age of 65, this percentage decreases.

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Ovaries are a pair of female sex organs that store and release eggs in the process of the reproductive system. Ovarian cancer is located in the ovaries where uncontrollable multiplication of cancer cells occur (Garnick, 2014). Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of death in women in the United States (Su, 2013). There are over 200,000 new cases each year worldwide and it is common in women over the age of 60 (Brain, 2014). The high mortality rate of ovarian cancer is caused by the lack of a screening techniques to detect it early on (Visintin et al, 2008). Epithelial ovarian cancer, borderline ovarian tumors, germ cell ovarian cancer, and stromal ovarian cancer are four types of ovarian cancer. There are various stages to ovarian

The low survival rate has many things in common with ovarian cancers later stages' diag-nosis. Recently, more attempts have been made to keep the process of ovarian cancer from occur-ring in the human body. For example: The commonly used product of Johnson and Johnson Tal-cum Powder has been inspected for resources that can cause this disease. The cancer occurs for many when the talc powder enters the vagina. A lawsuit due to this mishap was filed in and na-tionally looked upon in 2014 (www.drugwatch.com). Furthermore, the survival rate has indeed increased over 20% recently due to individuals being more informed about products and bettered treatments. “Only 10% of ovarian cancers start because of germ cells and the rupture of sex cells”

The initial treatment for all stages is surgery because it facilitates chemotherapy by decreasing the number of cells that the chemotherapy has to kill. The surgery includes total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with omentectomny and removal of as much of the tumor as possible. Chemotherapy may be necessary if the tumor is smaller than 2 cm and is confined to the abdominopelvic area without involvement of the kidneys or liver. The typical course of chemotherapy generally requires three to six cycles. Based on the stages of ovarian cancer, other treatment options include intraperitoneal and systemic chemotherapy, intraperitoneal instillation of radioisotopes, and external abdominal and pelvic radiation therapy. Chemotherapy

Many trial investigations have served to understand the effectiveness of PD-1—PD-L1 inhibitors in conjunction with current standard therapies such as chemotherapy, radiation, and surgical removal of tumors. In a study conducted by Guo. Et al., Trabectedin, a commonly used therapy used to treat ovarian cancer, and an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody were used to provide evidence that combined treatment therapies can have antitumor effects in mice with ovarian cancer(52). Mice underwent tumor transplantations and were treated with either a single (control) or combined Trabectidin and alpha-PD-1 mAb dose. Trabectedin was administered intravenously at a dose of 200 ug/kg body weight once per week for 3 weeks while alpha-PD-1 mAb was peritoneally

Ovarian cancer is a fifth most common cancer in women in the UK (NICE, 2011). Ms LG is currently in treatment phase which comes under stage 4 of

Out of those 21,290 women, 14,180 will become terminal. About 31% diagnosed with ovarian cancer have a life expectancy of 5 years (Bakkar, 2015). Ovarian cancer ranks fifth in cancer deaths among woman. A woman’s risk of getting ovarian cancer is 1 in 75 and the chance of dying of it is 1 in 100. Half of the women diagnosed with ovarian cancer are 63 years or older and it is more commonly found in white woman than it is in African-American woman. The good news is that in the past 20 years the number of diagnose has been

The first generation of CDK inhibitors did not show any evidence of efficacy in clinical trials, but researchers suggest that improved pharmacokinetic and dosing might lead to better results. In addition to that, is crucial to notice that these trials were conducted on unselected patient populations (Musgrove et al., 2011). More selective CDK4/6 inhibitors, such as Palbociclib for advanced-stage oestrogen receptor (ER)+ breast cancer, are now undergoing the final stages of clinical trials and improvements in progression-free survival have been consistently reported (Musgrove et al., 2011; O’Leary et al., 2016).