Tb Essay

Tuberculosis is the second-highest cause of death worldwide, and over one and a half million people

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest recorded human diseases known to man, and is still the deadliest killers among bacterial infections (Smith). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), TB is believed to have killed more people worldwide than all the wars and famines combined. TB once viewed as a death sentence in the past, is now a preventable and treatable disease. However, even though this is now a preventable and treatable disease TB continues to kill millions each year. Since the first anti-TB drugs were used to fight TB 60 years ago some TB bacteria have developed resistance to these drugs

Tuberculosis ranks as the second leading cause of death from a single infectious agent as per the 2014 WHO report and continues as a global health problem. Global Emergency was declared by WHO against tuberculosis in March 1993. As per the WHO 2015 report 9.6 million were affected with TB globally and 1.5 million people died in 2014. India reported 23% of total cases globally with highest prevalence rate of 195 per 105 populations. In the total 9.6 million new cases of TB 1.2 million cases were HIV positive. India is one among the top ten countries reported with MDR and XDR-TB. The etiological agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an Acid-fast bacillus which is spread by air borne droplets and aerosols and infects most commonly the lungs

Tuberculosis (TB) is a very prevalent, very contagious, and very deadly disease worldwide. According to the Centers for Disease Control, one third of the population is infected with TB. (Centers for Disease Control Data and statistics) While less common than it has ever been, tuberculosis has seen an upsurge in the last three decades directly related to the AIDS epidemic, but also as a result of the development of many multi-drug-resistant strains. This is of particular concern in developing nations hit hard by AIDS infections, but it is also evidenced in an upswing in the United States. (Nester, Anderson and Roberts)

In the United States, the incidence rate per year is less than 4 per a population of 100,000. In other countries such as sub-Saharan Africa and Asia the incidence rate is much greater, a few hundred per 100,000. This disease is a very important concern for travelers from the US who travel to places where they might have prolonged exposure to tuberculosis. These travelers or people who plan to spend time in healthcare facilities, correctional facilities, or homeless shelters should receive a 2-step TB skin test. If a person is infected with TB they are encouraged to not travel by commercial airplanes for the risk of spreading the infection. (LoBue, 2015) Tuberculosis is still a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in many developing countries around the globe. Even though there was a declining trend of this disease after the discovery of chemotherapy in the 1940s, this was not the case for developing countries. Tuberculosis was the first infectious disease to be declared a global health emergency by the World Health Organization. Asia and Arica constitute for 86% of the cases in 2007, when they were 9.27 million incident cases of tuberculosis, 13.7 million prevalent cases, 1.32 million death due to tuberculosis in people who were HIV-negative, and 0.45 million deaths in people who were HIV-positive. There are 22 high-burden countries and Bangladesh is ranked number 6. The implementation of directly observed therapy short course (DOTS) was a breakthrough for a way to control TB. It actually covered the whole country of Bangladesh, after being started in 1993. Tuberculosis is also associated with the poorest parts of communities and the highest rates of TB are actually because of poverty. Conditions like, overcrowding in schools, poor nutrition, overcrowded living conditions, as well as poor hygiene habits are likely to

Tuberculosis(TB) is a highly contagious disease that primarily affects the lungs, although it can also be found in other body parts. The disorder is caused by a bacteria called myocardial tuberculosis, and is mostly spread through the air when an infected person coughs. Many years ago, tuberculosis accounted for nearly 30% of deaths in the US. In the 1940’s and 50’s, however, its fatality rate dropped significantly due to antibiotics and vaccinations. Since the outbreak of AIDS, tuberculosis has increasingly been an issue again since people with the disease cannot fight off TB (Bontrager & Lampignano 2005, Basic TB Facts 2012).

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by infection with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. The CDC estimates that one third of the global population was infected with TB in 2015 (as cited in Hebert, 2016). That figures varies greatly by country, with the 2011-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) estimating a prevalence of 4.7% for US residents. (Castro et al., 2015) There was further variation within the US population in regards to age, sex, race/ethnicity, and whether or not the individual had been born in the US. The study excluded those under 6 years of age, serving in the armed forces, or

Worldwide, tuberculosis is a persistent issue in global health. India alone carries over 25% of the global TB burden, with over 9 million people suffering from active TB infection each year (Central TB Division 2015). Of growing concern is the rise of multi- and extensively- drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR and XDR, respectively). Characterized by resistance to standard first-line antibiotics including isoniazid and rifampicin (Loddenkemper et al. 2002), MDR-TB requires more aggressive and costly treatment, but as associated with poorer response to treatment and higher rates of mortality (Chung-Delgado et al. 2015). Drug-resistant TB in India has been rising at an alarming rate in India, with 2.2% of all new cases and 15% of all retreatment cases showing signs of resistance to first-line antibiotics (WHO 2015). Yet, despite the growing burden of MDR-TB, the WHO estimates that only 36% of all MDR-TB cases in India are notified (WHO 2015).

Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious disease that can harm any organ of the body, especially the lungs. Every year about over a million people die due to tuberculosis and even more are infected. A person in contact with an infected individual can easily put themselves at risks of getting TB. Due to the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis infections began to increase more rapidly. A person with HIV has a weak immune system which is not able to fight infections such as tuberculosis. There are many ways to diagnose, prevent and treat the farther spread of this disease.

Individuals originating from countries where tuberculosis is prevalent are at a higher risk of developing active tuberculosis (National Health Service, 2012). Tuberculosis is still highly prevalent in Asia as The World Health Organisation (2012), states “Of the estimated 9 million people

Tuberculosis is present from an epidemiological aspect in many low-income and middle-income countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated in 2015 over 90% cases and has valued that one third of the population is infected with Mtb. This showed the tragic effects of TB when is not cured. In addition, the spread of tuberculosis is greater due to the migration of population, which is also cause the reactivation of remotely acquired latent tuberculosis infection (Xu et al., 2009). The latent TB is difficult to detect and different factors such as HIV can trigger the activation of the bacteria. Tuberculosis can be treatable if it is detected in an early stage by

Tuberculosis is abbreviated “TB”, which is a worldwide communicable disease, makes 33% of the world’s population get infected ("Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", 2016). According to the study of the World Health organization (2015), 1500 thousand people (1100 thousand HIV-negative and 400thousand HIV-positive) died due to TB in 2014 and 9600 thousand people are estimated to have fallen ill with TB in 2014. In addition, there were 9,563 causes being reported with TB (approximately 3.0 cases per 100,000 persons) in the America in 2015 ("Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", 2016). Therefore, TB is an unignorably global health issue and health workers need to collaborate to huddle and control this critical problem. Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can affect many organ systems; however, TB generally influence on the lung. The common symptoms of the TB disease include a chronic cough with blood or sputum for over 3 weeks or longer, weight loss, fever, night sweat, weakness or fatigue and no appetite ("Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", 2016). TB can divide into latent TB and active TB. A person, who has latent TB infection, has no symptoms and is unable to spread TB disease to the other. On the other hand, an individual who is diagnosed with active TB disease, is sick with symptoms and can spread bacteria by airborne to other people. Moreover, without the appropriate treatment, the complications may cause permanent

Since 1990 the mortality rate of TB is decreased by 45% and the incidence rate is also decreased in major regions of the world. This is aid by the program Stop TB Strategy that organised by

Re-emerging from the shadows of the AIDS epidemic, tuberculosis is climbing its way back up to being one of the world’s greatest killers. Tuberculosis, an airborne bacterium spreads easily among people living in crowded areas such as in: jails, ships, mines, and slums. TB buries itself in the host’s lungs, and as it grows, it tears apart the lungs tissue leaving its victims coughing up blood. Tuberculosis now kills more people globally than AIDS, making TB one of the top leading infectious causes of death around the world (W.H.O, 2016). Over 95% TB deaths occur in developing countries, mostly in Asia, and Africa.

Tuberculosis is one of the most rampant diseases in 3rd world countries. It is considered one of the top infectious diseases worldwide. According to the WHO, 9.6 million people were recorded to have suffered from it in 2014 and 1.5 million died from it. Still coming from WHO, an estimated 1 million children were infected and 140,000 of them succumbed to the said disease. TB as it is commonly called is a leading killer of HIV- positive people. In 2015, 1 of 3 HIV deaths were infected with TB. Even though the mortality rate if TB decreased by 47% from 1990 in 2015 it is still a serious disease and shouldn’t be taken lightly. Nowadays, cure to TB is not impossible as 43 million lives were saved by proper diagnosis and treatment, this is between 2000 and 2014.