operation but also needs to have an appropriate proposed design. It employs two techniques to improve the radiation pattern. These techniques are the use of an angled dipole and vertical copper plates arranged on the ground plane for improvement in the radiation pattern of lower and upper bands, respectively radiation profile in both bands, namely similar gain, wide beamwidth. One of the popular techniques for broadening the patch antenna bandwidth is to incorporate a U-slot on its surface. They have the ability to confine the power in certain directions instead of scattering the power everywhere. As a result of less power loss toward unwanted directions, the multipath and interference effects are reduced.
Using wideband circularly
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Fundamental characteristics of this antenna such as the radiation directivity and the frequency response are measured.
Figure shows a picture of the proposed antenna that has a shape of ―tears drop‖. Using Novel Ultra Wideband Planar
Reflector Antenna a reflector antenna relies on reflection of energy from the reflector. Reflector antennas tend to be good directional and high gain antennas [11]. There are some classes of ultra wideband reflector antennas, such as planar, corner, and parabolic cylinder reflector antennas. In these reflector antennas, the planar reflector antenna is the simplest and yet most practical design. Principle of the planar reflector antenna is image theory. As shown in figure according to antenna image theory, an image antenna can generate in the other side of the perfect electric conducting plane. Using conducting plane as a back reflector, a more compact antenna structure may be feasible. The conducting planar reflector serves to concentrate the radiation to the antenna side of the planar reflector [12].
Fig.
A dual spiral antenna for Ultra wideband capsule endoscope system a dual spiral antenna for ultra wideband capsule endoscope system is proposed. Since a capsule endoscope system which transmits real time image data in the body should have ultra-wideband characteristic, an ultra wideband antenna is suitable for this system. When an antenna is used as capsule endoscope system, a small sized antenna is
0 Use the Internet to research one to two applications of the illustrated wireless technology. List each application found. Be sure to reference the Web site(s) where you found this information.
Wireless connections have harmful effects on the health of people and especially on blood, the heart, and the autonomic nervous system when the radiation is continuous and long-term [2]. Therefore, it is recommended to reduce electrosmog exposure and prevent wireless networks for communication, monitor, control and powering of the LVADs.
The Radio was introduced to society because of the telegraph and the telephone. These inventions don’t do the same things but their similar branch of technology. “Radio technology began as “wireless telegraphy”. “It all started with the discovery of radio waves, electromagnetic waves that have the capacity to transmit music, speech, pictures and other data invisibly through air.” [Bellis] Majority of technology uses electromagnetic waves to send data information or TV broadcasts. During the 1860’s, Scottish physicist, James Clerk Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves; and in 1886, German physicist, Heinrich Rudolph Hertz showed how fast the variation of electric current could be placed into space in the form of
The implementation of electromagnetic tracking (EM) to verify nasogastric tube placement is a new concept that can provide better and safer patient care. Many people die of improper placement of nasogastric tube each year. The misplacement of these tubes, if not verified correctly, can cause severe injury to the patient or even death. Fundamentals of Nursing, believe that X-ray is the best way to verify placement (Potter, Perry, Stockert, & Hall, 2013). In the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics and the British Journal of Nursing they both find that Electromagnetic tracking is the safest way. It is important to check for verification because this type of harm is preventable. New evidence-based practice states that the use of electromagnetic tracking is safer versus the use of pH, X-ray, and CT scanning (Taylor S. et al., 2014). Another benefit to using this method is that
So the transmitter can increase the output of the antennas in the direction of computers farther away or where there are more computers to allow for better coverage or throughput and decrease the output of the antennas in directions where there are obstacles.
An endoscope can be integrated with surgical instruments; it can send pulses or heat and electricity and obliterate small tumors or gall stones. Endoscopes have their own names according to their application, such as:
The comparison graph of the simulated result in return loss (dB) versus frequency (GHz) between the conventional rectangular microstrip patch antenna and proposed compact antenna is shown in of fig. 3.7 and the comparison graph of the measured and simulated result of the compact antenna is shown in fig. 3.9.Antenna is fabricated and experimentally tested to valid the design of the antenna
The important parameters that affect the detection and tracking can be classified in to 3 broad categories; endovascular devices, projection geometry and motion. At first, the detection of various shapes and radio-opaque devices is a challenge. Secondly, the detection is challenged by image magnification and image geometry by various projections (Cranio-caudal tilt). Thirdly, and importantly real-time tracking challenged by the patient motion and the deformation of the vessel.
Microstrip antennas are low profile, conformable to planar and non planar surfaces, simple and inexpensive to manufacture using modem printed-circuit technology, mechanically robust and compatible with MMIC designs. When the particular patch shape and mode are selected they are very versatile in terms of resonant frequency, polarization, pattern and impedance. In addition by adding loads between the patch and the ground plane, such as pins and varactor diodes. adaptive elements with variable resonant frequency, impedance, polarization and pattern can be designed. Since it is of planar structure, it has all the advantages of printed circuit technology. The major operational disadvantages of microstrip antennas
In 2010, Li Zhiyong, Zhang Qian, Wang Huilong and Liu Yunlin from the Laboratory of the Electromagnetic and Microwave, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China presented Ultra-wide band microstrip-fed antenna with L shape ground application. The current path of the ground plane would enlarged by using the L shaped ground which are improved the impedance bandwidth performance. The notch would inserted on the ground plane under the microstrip line to enhance the impedance matching of the antenna. The proposed antenna are designed to the operate over a 3.3GHz to 12GHz for the S11 less than the -10dB and they provides a good omnidirectional radiation patterns. The Simulated results showed that the proposed antenna can be a good candidate for the hand held Ultra-wide band applications owing to its attractive
The planar antenna configurations such as microstrip and patch antennas have been found suitable for such systems. These antenna configurations are of low profile, lightweight, simple and inexpensive to fabricate. The main design goal of antenna design for modern communication systems is to achieve the better performance for desired frequency bands. But the main disadvantage of using microstrip antenna for recent day’s wireless communication is to achieve multi frequency operation with single antenna, maintaining the performance the antenna for all desired frequency.
frequencies which helps avoid some of the single frequency problems. It can usually transmit at only around 250 kps.
Antennas – antennas serve as interfaces between transmitted/received signals and transmitters/receivers. Depending on the type, shape, and size of the transmitter antenna, the transmitted signal will have directionality and polarization properties. A receiver antenna is designed to match this directionality and polarization so that the transmitted signal can be received. Earth-facing antennas are usually designed to provide a coverage region with a particular contour shape. Typically, horn antennas and parabolic reflector antennas are used for this purpose. In some satellites, multiple transmit antennas (lens antennas and antenna arrays) are used to generate multiple “spot beams” for higher signal directionality and gain. The coverage region and the spot beams may be fixed or dynamically formed depending on the application. Some advanced experimental
Recent studies has shown that, using mobile phones have effect on medical devices. Many organizations around the world are very concern about the EMI and majority of them are working hard to ensure that EMC on medical devices is improved. But to improve the level of EMC is a length process and require tough regulation, therefore many health organization has been promoting EMC through “continuing development of regulations, standards, guidelines and publications that are intended to help prevent EM1 and promote EMC and that can be applied to the safe use of RF sources and medical devices in hospitals” [1]. The most important aspect os solving EMI is to identifying the mode of electromagnetic inference and the following are example of EMI in the hospitals wireless telephone services, digital television (DTV), wireless local area networks (LAN), “Bluetooth” equipment, and security systems. All the above mention have EMI on equipment being use in the hospitals for diagnostics, therapeutic and non-medical devices which are not directly medical devices but are important for the functionality of the hospital.
A growing expansion of wireless systems and applications operating at centimetre-and millimetre-wave frequencies motivates the development of effective and affordably-priced technologies for manufacturing cm- and mm-wave components like antennas, filters, directional couplers, etc. Advances in technology associated with signal processing, R.F. components and batteries have stimulated more innovative applications in wireless that has in turn stimulate for extensive research to find new solutions to the problems in the antenna engineering.