Technological Change Moves Faster Than Bureaucracy

The human genome has been proven to determine the different traits that we have, majorly on the physical characters like eye color, hair color, ear size,

In “Patenting Life,” Michael Crichton argues that the government is mishandling the patenting office with the awarding of patents for human genes. Gene patenting is blocking the advancement of modern medicine and could be costing many patients their lives. The hold on research results in the discovery of fewer cures for modern diseases.

The Human Genome Project is a worldwide research effort with the goal of analyzing the structure of human DNA and determining the location of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In parallel with this effort, the DNA of a set of model organisms will be studied to provide the comparative information necessary for understanding the

Over the last 10 years scientists have been involved in the progression and completion of the Human Genome Project. "Scientists working on this project have developed detailed maps that identify the

DNA contains the information that builds our bodies from a single fertilized egg. Cellular diversity gives rise to our tissues and organs, with distinct shapes and functions. Yet, all cells in our body contain exactly the same DNA. The resolution to this apparent paradox lies in the fact that different pieces of DNA are turned on in every cell, and these pieces are called genes. When a gene is turned on, It makes a protein that affects what the cell looks like and how it behaves. Our bodies are a composition of individual genes turning on and off inside each cell during our development. We use this information about gene “switches” to compare the activity of different genes, with the end goal of assessing what kinds of changes are involved in the origin of new organs. For limbs, we catalogue the genetic differences between fins and mammalian limbs. Then, we study the function of these genes in embryos and do experiments to manipulate genes, mutate specimens, and observe the responses to these changes. Each gene has a distinctive sequence, and using molecular tools, researches can scan another species’ DNA for identical sequences. It turns out that the DNA “recipe” to build upper arms, forearms, wrists, and digits is identical in every creature that has

Braun tells me that there are possibly a million SNPs in each person, though only a small fraction are tightly linked with common ailments. These disease-causing SNPs are fueling a biotech bonanza; the hope is that after finding them, the discoverers can design wonder drugs. In the crowded SNP field, Sequenom vies with Iceland-based deCode Genetics, American companies such as Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Orchid

When you hear people say things like, “This is my body, so I can do whatever I want with it!” Then when you hear that, just think about. Is it really your body? Well, let's really look into that question. Gene patenting is a dubitable practice that uses people's DNA for research in various avaricious ways. It have been an ongoing controversial practice for a few years already. In the articles , “Patenting Life” by Michael Crichton and “Decoding the use of Gene Patents” by John E. Calfee they both explain their various issues that are happening in today's society with gene patenting.

The human genome project is a way of inspecting our molecular selves. There are three billions of letters that make up the DNA in the human genome that scientists have to study in order to understand our molecular cells. Furthermore, there are all distinct sets of genes that interact with environmental factors, which directly influence things like our physical appearance, personalities and risks for diseases. Geneticist, Jeffery C. Long “None of the observable traits that people associate with race are simple genetic traits. Complex traits are influenced by several genes as well as environment.” -Long, Jeffery C. "RACE - Exploring Our Molecular Selves." RACE - Exploring Our Molecular Selves. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2015.

The Bureaucracy was created by the framers to guarantee limited and responsible government. The constitutional framework was designed to do this, but a lot of the framework isn’t even apart of our federal Bureaucracy today. This is because of the separation of powers that the Congress, The President, and the Judiciary branch has or is fighting for the total power of the administrative branch.

The patenting race takes advantage of the same computer technology that made the sequencing possible. Companies seeking patents have been using automated DNA-sequencing machines to identify genes easily and cheaply. At the time when they file for the patents,

Advancements of research and innovation in Techno Sciences have always been controversial with first controversy being risk- focused and the second one being ethical framed. When science and technology intersect with society it not only promotes common good to the society but also exposes us to serious ethical and social issues that we humans would be facing in the coming years. This paper outlines one such emerging technology in the field of Medicine- Biotech Medicine and association of ethical dilemma, threats and other serious social concerns it would raise when deployed into everyday

The German Sociologist, Max Weber, once said "This passion for bureaucracy ... is enough to drive one to despair. It 's as if in politics...we were deliberately to become men who 'need ' order and nothing but order" (www.goodreads.com). Max Weber brings attention to the consequences of bureaucracy. Although bureaucracy is an efficient system that allows maximum production to occur, bureaucracy has resulted in the loss of individualism and is particularly undemocratic. In public administration, bureaucracy plays a major role in how many institutions function however, tensions arise between democracies and bureaucracies as a result. Bureaucracy and democracy are conflicting forces due to the difference of ideals between the two systems because of: hierarchical demands, authoritarian arrangement and demoralization present in a bureaucracy. Democracy is changing as a whole due to the impacts of globalization which ultimately clashes with bureaucracy resulting in: the loss of power of bureaucratic organizations, reduction of public administration and compromisation of a country 's sovereignty due to the growing interdependence of different states. In public administration, bureaucracy and democracy are two contradictory forces that conflict due to their differences in ideologies and the impact of globalization on the two different structures.

A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention, product or process that provides a new way of doing something, or that offers a new technical solution to a problem. An invention in general must fulfill certain criteria in order to be protected by a patent. For example, the Patents Act, 1970 in S. 2(1) (j) defines invention as a new product or process involving an inventive step and capable of industrial application. In other words, an invention in order to be patentable must show an element of novelty, must show “an inventive step”, and must be of practical use. Particularly, the Patents Act, 1970 defines “inventive step” as a feature of an invention that involves technical advance as compared to the existing knowledge or having economic significance or both and that makes the invention not obvious to a person skilled in the art. In other words, patent rights are not available for new advances that are merely obvious extensions or modifications of prior designs. Besides, the requirement of difference over prior art, there is a requirement to establish the extent of common general knowledge that exists while

Therefore, protection of patents is one of the key conditions necessary for further development of the pharmaceutical industry. At the same time, non-efficient legislation that does not provide the necessary level of patent protection is one of the factors that hamper expansion of “Big Pharmaceutical” companies to the developing countries8.

The concept of product patent for pharmaceutical products is likely to make life saving medicine beyond the reach of the poor and deprived section of the society around the world.