Technology Has Great Potential For Improving Animal Welfare, Health, And Production Efficiency

In the past century there has been a substantial change in the way human beings raise and keep animals meant for food. While in the past there were great numbers of widely spaced small individual farms, now there are relatively few, but extremely large industrialized farms. And as the numbers of animals kept and slaughtered for human consumption increases, these industrialized farms, known as Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations or CAFO's, are having more and more of an impact on the environment and people around them. The concentration of animals causes a major problem with the waste products they produce, as well as the gases, chemicals, and other types of byproducts. And the increased use of antibiotics in the animals is beginning to have a profound effect on the health of not only the environment but the communities that exist around these industrialized farms. CAFO's, and their secondary industries, are also a large consumer of oil, gasoline, and other fuels which can have an indirect, but devastating effect on the environment. Luckily there are some who have come to recognize the problems, and potential future problems, involved in this type of animal farming and have begun to inform the public to the dangers these farms pose. And in response to this information, the public is beginning to force changes in the way these CAFO's operate and the impact they have on the environment and

Where do happy cows actually come from? Most of our minds create an image of large fields where cows and other animals are free to roam and graze. In reality, however, most farms today are actually large corporate factories, not the vast fields and red barns that most Americans imagine. These consolidated operations known as CAFOs (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations) are able to produce meats in high volume but have little to no regard for animal or human welfare, the environment, or food safety. CAFOs in the United States are able to produce and process these large amounts of meat year-round by providing sheltered farms for a range of livestock such as cattle, swine, and sheep. However, within these farms animals are

These changes are typically brought on by hormonal fluxes that control the different phases of the cycle in order to ovulate a mature oocyte. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days in length and progresses through four distinct phases, each with its own regulatory hormone. The phases and their associated days are as follows: menstruation, or the early follicular phase (days 1–4), late follicular phase (days 5–11), periovulation (days 12–15) and the luteal phase (days 16–28). 1 The major hormonal secretion sites are the hypothalamus, which secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the pituitary, which secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), and the ovaries, which secrete estrogens and progesterone. Of the three types of estrogen involved in the menstrual cycle, estradiol, estrone and estriol, estradiol is considered the most potent and is known as E1.2 In lieu of discussing the many hormonal fluctuations of a typical menstrual cycle, a diagram has been included to display the oscillations of the hormones described

Near term, the pregnant woman starts to have many hormonal changes, which will prepare her to give birth; however, prostaglandin plays the most critical role in this process. When the pregnant woman reach around 39 to 40 weeks of pregnancy, the fetus’ growth is completed as fetus’ organs are matured enough to start working on their own. Giving birth or what it is scientifically known as parturition or labor is a combination of hormonal and physiological changes that affect maternal tissue in order to facilitate the expulsion of the fetus through the birth canal. This labor process is divided into 4 stages, and it is initiated when fetal and placental corticotropin-releasing hormone increases and down-regulate progesterone hormone. Progesterone

In particular, there is one pathogen that has been around crop fields since roman times. Moreover, this bacterium has managed to spread all over the world and continues evolving. For this reason, it is important to take action through technology. Although there are different methods to detect pathogens, there is in our understanding, not a single device commercially available that can assess in real-time the condition of the crops. In addition, this kind of technology is usually expensive. In order to achieve a sustainable agriculture around the globe, there is a need for developing technologies that are:

Progesterone levels increase during pregnancy and this is important as; Keeps the placenta functioning properly , and allows it to become healthy and thick Enhances the growth of breast tissue Allows contractions of the muscle of the uterus , allowing the baby to grow and the womb to expand.Progesterone as well as the hormone relaxin can cause discomfort many women suffer from during pregnancy for example; Indigestion , heartburn Constipation Muscles in the lower intestine called ( lax muscles ) allow gases to distend the bowel causing even more bloating Softening of cartilages , loosening joints and ligaments , causing aches in the hip and pubic bone Gums can swell and bleed , which causes bad bacteria to invade the mouth leading to “pregnancy gingivitis” also known as bad breath In non pregnant women the progesterone levels are 10 to 12 ng/ml

The cows that these companies slaughter spend their entire lives just standing in their feces. When these cows are sent to be slaughtered, they are not even cleaned off, increasing the risk of E Coli being spread. I have an idea to help make sure that the spread of E Coli is reduced. Corporations should be required by law to have all of their cattle washed before being sent to the slaughter house. “Raymond Stevens is a chemist working at Berkeley lab has developed a sensor that can detect a deadly strain of E Coli known as 0157:H7” (First Instant Test). “The light on the sensor will change from blue to red, depending on the concentration of E Coli” (First Instant Test). This technology should be implemented into the meat packaging and processing plants to ensure safety in their products. When it is discovered that the meat is infected, the infected meat will then be removed to prevent further contamination. This technology could help to make the world a safer

The word reform means to make changes to something to make it better. There are many thing in this world that need to be reformed but the thing that i think needs to be reformed is animal shelters. Everyone knows that animal shelter around the world take in stray or abandoned animals and give them a temporary home. But what you don't know is that shelters that don't have a no kill policy put down animals after a period of time if they have not been adopted. And shelters with a no kill police have to turn away strays and unwanted due to overpopulation,

In the equine oestrous cycle, prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) is released from the uterus following stimulation by oxytocin when there is not implantation. PGF2α has a luteolytic effect, ceasing the release of progesterone and beginning oestrus. When administered exogenously, PGF2α allows for synchronization of oestrus and shortening the interval to the 2nd postpartum oestrus and interovulatory period. To synchronize the oestrus cycle, 2 injections of PGF2α can be administered 14 days apart in mares with normal cycles. It can also be used in “programming mares,” in which artificial lighting and steroids are used in conjunction with PGF2α to synchronize mares in intensive training programs (Brinsko and Blanchard, 2011). PGF2α can be used for “appointment

After reaching maturation, the follicle undergoes ovulation; an event stimulated by a surge in luteinising hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland (orange line). The remnant follicle (now termed the corpus luteum) secretes progesterone (red line), which maintains the endometrial lining and causes it to enter the luteal phase. With triphasic COC’s, three incremental doses (phases 1-3) of progestogen (blue line) with (pink line)/without (dashed pink line) a phase 2 dose increase in oestrogen are delivered over 21 days. This is followed by a 7-day placebo period, which induces menstruation (placebo). Exogenous delivery of hormones in this way achieves contraception with significantly lower doses of progestogen, whilst crudely mimicking endogenous increases in oestrogen and progesterone. As such, it was hypothesised that the triphasic regimen would afford various benefits over monophasic COC’s.

The first pregnancy that resulted from AI was accounted for in 1998 using fresh semen and was done by detecting a slight rise in progesterone prior to ovulation, indicating proper timing for insemination.9, 14 Now ultrasonagraphy can also be used to detect imminent ovulation as follicular development is easily followed, as well as detect the timing of ovulation.14

Progesterone, a type of female sex hormone which belong to a steroid hormone class known as progestogen, has a major role in the development of oral contraception. Progesterone is produced in ovaries, adrenal gland and in placenta when women get pregnant. In the menstrual cycle, ovary unceasingly alternates between two phases: the follicular phase, which is characterized by the presence of maturing follicles and the luteal phase, which is governed by the presence of corpus luteum. Ovulation occurs in between these phases. Corpus luteum, which is formed through luteinization of ruptured follicle after ovulation, secretes large amounts of progesterone and small amount of estrogen.

Our first area of immediate effect is on the animals who are being injected. The biological effects of these hormonal implantations on the cattle is quite circumstantial as there is no serious detrimental effects to the animals health in a properly conducted implantation. However, it is errors in this process that lead to negative effects. Firstly the correct dosage must be administered because a high dosage may cause blockage of the intestinal and reproductive systems. A high amount of hormones can also cause weight to be gain too rapidly which can become painful for the animal and cause crippling. Secondly, the age, weight and condition of the cattle must be taken into consideration. The animal should be in the final fattening stage and mature enough to cope with the increase of hormones. The correct dosage must be given to an

A biosensor is a device or method that allows a certain specific biological material to be detected. Common forms of detection are Fluorescence techniques, Raman Scattering, Plasmon Resonance, Near-infrared Spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. These detection methods each have distinct advantages and disadvantages, and can adapt to a variety of different applications for different situations. However, traditional methods of biosensing usually requires the molecule to be labeled with an analyte, which must be chemically bound the molecule that is to be detected, making such methods slow, cumbersome and sometimes even toxic to the body.

They involve interdigitated fingers (IDT) to increase the edge coupling length. Also called as comb-drive device. This study involve fabrication of aluminium IDE because of it cost low and common electrode in biosensor technology. The design of IDEs consist of twin electrode which are arranged in a comb like finger structure between twin electrodes to form gap distance between electrodes as shown in figure 2. Technically, the IDEs structure is easy to fabricate, simple operation, ultra-sensitive and low cost is main point to develop of sensor for clinical application. In other word, IDEs sensor is expected to provide are better performance and ultrahigh sensitive and selective of biosensor detection in smaller gap sizes3.Literature review In multiple applications the interdigitated electrodes thin film are a useful tool for enhancing the analytical parameters and taking advantages of their inherent properties such as low cost & disposables, reusable, high fabrication resolution, high sensitivity, low reagent consumption as well as non-tedious pre-cleaning procedures Figure 3 shows the design structure of an IDE. There are two sets of electrodes are placed in the same plane to the substrate. Generally, it is referred to comb-drive device because it is shaped like tooth of combs. Figure 3: Geometric parameters of IDE structureIn this work, a sensor to evaluate sterilization processes with hydrogen peroxide vapor has been characterized. Experimental, analytical and