Fundamental Structures and Properties of Teflon and Its Applications in Industry 1. Introduction
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) also known as Teflon is a thermoplastic polymer. It is formed by addition polymerization using the monomer tetrafluroethylene (TFE). Teflon is a strong, waxy and non-flammable resin which is used in many applications especially in corrosive industries due to its resistance to chemicals. In addition, it is able to maintain its physical properties over a wide range of temperatures.
Teflon was invented by accident by a research chemist named Roy J. Plunkett at DuPont’s Jackson Lab in New Jersey on 6 April 1938. Plunkett and his technician assistant, Jack Rebok, were testing on the chemical reactions of the
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In addition, the CF2 groups are equally spaced along the chain which is twisted to form a helix to accommodate the large fluorine atoms to relieve overcrowding and having the shortest F-F distance. It provides stability to the fluorine to carbon bonds. As such, it is difficult to break a stable bond and this makes PTFE unreactive to many chemicals. This stable bonding structure also contributes to good dielectric properties. It prevents the transmission of electrons through the molecular orbital of PTFE and due to the strength of the carbon to fluorine bonds, electrons are not released easily from the polymer orbital. 3. Description of Industrial Applications of Teflon
Teflon is widely used in many industries due to its unique properties. In the petrochemical industries and chemical processing industries, Teflon is used for vessel linings, seals, gaskets, spacers, pump interiors, washers, dip tubes and well-drilling components. This is due to PTFE is chemically inert, resistant to corrosion and functions in environments of 500 degrees Fahrenheit. Also, PTFE are used in refrigeration systems and steams line. PTFE hoses are used to transfer chemicals and connectors and lines for product interchange. Teflon replaces the typical corrugated, stainless steel hoses.
For the electrical industries, PTFE are used as an insulator in wire, cable wrap, spacers and tubings. It is used to separate conductive surfaces in capacitors. It is machined into standoff insulators and
30-33). Edexcel Limited. Jenkins, A., Kratochvíl, P., Stepto, R. F., & Suter, U. W. (2009). Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science. Pure and Applied Chemistry , 68 (12), 2287-2311.
The purpose of this lab was to test four different polymer coupons under a tensile load and determine mechanical properties. This was done under normal circumstances along with the samples soaking in different temperature water baths before being tested. It was found that Nylon 6 was the most brittle sample and that High Impact Polystyrene was the most elastic. It was also found that there is a general trend of materials getting more brittle when colder and more elastic when warmer.
Platinum is used in Electro-medical implants, surgical instruments and Orthopaedics. Some types of electro-medical implants are defibrillators, hearing aids, and heart pumps. Platinum is in the wires of the defibrillators because the platinum can direct the electricity to one specific spot. A heart pump is a tube with platinum in the center of the tube which circulates the blood in the heart. Some types of surgical instruments that incorporate platinum are arthroscopic and ophthalmology. Arthroscopic surgery is where they cut into the knee joint and damaged tissue, and take out the dead tissue.They use platinum shavers and platinum blades to cut into the dead
July 31 2001 Samuel Hopkins was issued the first patent. His patent was for the
Bending the cost curve. The Triple Aim is part of health care delivery reform, as part of the ACA, all derived with the ultimate goal of reducing healthcare spending in the United States. The government and organizations are still waiting for evidence on the effectiveness of Triple Aim models in improving population health, controlling costs, and improving patients’ experience of care. As of 2010, concerns regarding balanced attention to the three overarching aims, indicate that healthcare organizations may increase quality at the expense of cost, or alternatively, they may decrease cost while creating a dissatisfying experience for patients (McCarthy and Klein, 2010, p. 1).
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been a public health and environmental concern for many years given their persistence in the environment, tendency to bioaccumulate, and toxic, carcinogenic, and endocrine-disrupting potentials (Bonefeld-Jorgensen 2014). Perfluoroalkyl Chemicals (PFCs) is one such family, chemically characterised by a fluorinated linear carbon chain with a hydrophilic head (Volkel 2008). Due to its stability, amphiphilicity, and non-flammability (Lau 2007, Kotthoff 2015), PFCs are commonly used to aid the industrial production of textiles, food packages, and cookware (Kotthoff 2015, Humblet 2014). PFCs can remain in the environment and bioconcentrate in animals (Lau 2007).
Birds are more reactive to carbonyl fluoride (COF2), and hydrogen fluoride (HF). These gases can cause cancer in the animals. Besides, they can make birds dead immediately if the birds fly near to the Teflon that has heat over 680 degree Fahrenheit. The reason the birds died are the lungs of the birds have the blood vessel ruptured and fill with blood. This leading the birds do not have enough oxygen to breath. Moreover, Teflon releases a gas name monofluoroacetic acid and it makes people sick because this gas when they go into the body's system, it can cause nausea, chills, fever, and headache. These symptoms will stay in the body for a few days and it called polymer fume fever. Furthermore, hydrogen fluoride can harmful to the tissue in
Due to cultural assumptions about gender, sex research over the past two centuries has been centered around searching for expected answers to our societies eager questions about gender. Genetic research surrounding the sexes has been so intertwined with gender politics and stereotypes of gender norms that today, it is hard to differentiate sex and gender, Richardson in her book, Sex Itself outlines how genetic research has led to flawed ideas about sex and gender, which are now being reinforced with continuing genetic research that perpetuates these ideas of gender and sex chromosomes as a fixed binary, with huge influence on one’s behaviors, goals, and aspirations. Throughout the entirety of the book, Richardson examines how social norms affect
Dynamite was invented in 1867 by Alfred Nobel. According to livescience.com, Nobel’s father was a inventor. Nobel attended school in St Petersburg and shined in his studying. While there he gained a interest in poetry, this interest caused his father to put him in stricter chemistry and engineering classes. If not for this Alfred Nobel could have became a poet.
The mineral was discovered in 1803 by a chemist named William Hyde Wollaston. He was experimenting on platinum using hydrochloric and nitric acid when he made note of an element left behind in the process.
The Sexual Revolution was a social movement that challenged traditional codes of behaviour related to sexuality and interpersonal relationships throughout the Western world from the 1960s to the 1980s. Sexual liberation included increased acceptance of sex outside of traditional heterosexual, monogamous relationships; primarily marriage. The normalization of contraception and the pill, premarital sex, homosexuality and alternative forms of sexuality, and the legalization of abortion all followed.
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are lab made chemical compounds that are linear and cyclic hydrocarbons who have a low molecular weight. Liquid Perfluorocarbons are formed when hydrogen ions in hydrocarbons have been replaced with fluorine atoms since they are neutral chemical compounds (Veni et al. 39). Perfluorocarbons are also chemically inert—not chemically reactive—due to the strength of the carbon-fluorine bonds (Anilkumar et al. 478). Perfluorocarbons are made into Perfluorocarbon artificial blood by adding water, salt and phospholipid surfactants to it, then the solution is then emulsified through high pressure homogenization—when two non-soluble liquids are turned into an emulsion—the solutions is then purified through a high temperature
The corrosion of fluorine is easiest in most metal which lead of obtaining the fluorine becomes exacting.
Pollution due to waste plastic has been a very largeissue in countries like India and China in the Asian region. India generates 5.6 million tones of plastic waste annually. In this large plastic waste there is a large share of the metro cities [4].
Polylactic acid polymers (PLA) appear to be a very promising material for use as a