Teicoplanin A3-1 Research Paper

Anti-infection agents have spared countless furthermore added to the expansion in future. They are essentially delivered by the fermentation of fungi (e.g., Penicillium) and bacteria (e.g., Actinomycetes). Specifically, 80% of anti-infection agents are sourced from the family Streptomyces and uncommon actinomycetes, for example, Actinomadura, and just the 20% is created by fungal species (Lo Grasso,

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a spherical bacteria which is known to produce a cytotoxin called Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PLV) which destroys leukocytes, and kills tissue (Lina et al., 1999). Five percent of strains of Staphylococcus are known to produce the disease-causing toxin (Lina et al., 1999), but though the amount of PLV-producing strains is somewhat small, the strains which produce PLV are apparently resistant to vancomycin, an antibiotic commonly used to treat staph infections (CDC, 2002). The first recorded case of S. aureus resistance to vancomycin was a reduction in sensitivity to the antibiotic observed in Japan, and has since spread to the United States (CDC, 2002). The most common source of infection of these drug-resistant bacteria are actually in hospitals, wherein the patients are exposed to the bacteria and subsequently infected (CDC, 2002).

The TEM-1 type of Beta-lactamase is the most common -lactamase enzyme found in E. coli. More importantly, this enzyme is highly interactive with antibiotics by inhibiting antibiotics from accomplishing their purpose of: halting the synthesis of bacteria cell walls to cease the spread and existence of the bacteria. This makes TEM type

Tetracycline (T-10) was only one measured at 18mm in diameter. This zone size falls in the category of Escherichia coli having an intermediate resistancy (Table 1) to the antimicrobial agent. **The only one that had any effect!

found that both the drug and the bacteria use enzymes as their defense and attack

Triclosan is considered an antibiotic. Antibiotics are used for ranges of infections caused by bacteria, including urinary tract infections, skin infections and infected wounds. Antibiotics work by blocking vital processes in bacteria, killing the bacteria, or stopping them from multiplying. This helps the body 's natural immune system to fight the bacterial infection. Antibiotics differ in the types of bacteria they work against. The scientific name of Triclosan is 5-Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol. The formula is also C12H7Cl3O2.

Initially, it was thought that triclosan was a non-specific biocide that targets and disrupts the cell membrane of both gram positive and gram negative pathogens. This would then lead to an inability for the bacteria to acquire nutrients and eventually would inhibit proliferation [8]. It is now known that Triclosan specifically targets and inhibits the FabI protein which is encoded by the fabI gene. FabI is also referred to as Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase and is essential for the elongation of fatty acids. By inhibiting the FabI protein, Triclosan stops phospholipid bilayer formation. This biocide inhibits FabI by forming a specific ternary structure between Fabi, Triclosan and NADPH [8],

L-Bacilysin can be produced by many strains of Bacillus subtilis using the enzyme bacilysin synthetase. Bacitracin is another antibiotic that can be produced using the enzyme bacitracin synthetase from Bacillus licheniformis. Aminoacyl Adenylate is an intermediate in synthesis of antibiotic tyrocidin by using the enzyme phenylalanine racemase from Bacillus brevis. Tyrocidin was the first commercially available peptide antibiotic and it is effective against mainly gram positive bacterial infections .Phenylalanyl Adenylate is a precursor of the antibiotic gramicidin and can be synthesized using gramicidin synthetase from Bacillus brevis .Gramicidin exhibits anti-microbial activity and so is used on the skin as a lotion or ointment and treatment of infected surface wounds and in eye, nose and throat

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogen, which its physiology is directly linked to features of tuberculosis that it causes. The crucial feature for a mycobacteria’s survival is its unique cell wall structure. The insoluble cell wall core of MTB is formed by a large variety of lipid-containing molecules, such as mycolic acid, that are covalently attached (6). This hydrophobic cell wall provides a physical protection from the host immune response and serves as a barrier against many toxic insults (2). Further, the complex MTB cell wall is impermeable to both hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules, resulting in inherent resistance of MTB to most common antibiotics (8). Lipoarabinomannan is an antigen on the outside of the organism. This antigen is another important component of the cell wall because it inhibit the fusion of Mycobacterium-containing phagosomes with lysosomal compartments (4). Lipoarabinomannan hinders the fusion of phagosome with lysosome by impairing Ca2+/calmodulin pathway and inactivates macrophages (8). Therefore, this cell-surface component of MTB is able to facilitate the survival of mycrobacteria within macrophages (8). Also, MTB is able to survive the harsh environment of the host tissues by utilizing any available

When analyzing all of the data in the graphs and the t-test charts, the researcher was able to come to the conclusion that the data supported his hypothesis that the oleuropein created the largest kill zone area. Not only was there a visible difference of oleuropein’s kill zone of the K-12 E-coli bacteria as seen in graph 1.1, but there was a statistically proven significant difference (tables 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3). The data collected by the researcher supports the current research that oleuropein is a natural antiseptic. That oleuropein has very strong antibacterial properties that can be used for medicinal use (Omar, 2010).

In patients with previous methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, adding vancomycin or teicoplanin should be considered.18,19

C. tetani is a gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium. It is usually found in its dormant form or spores, and transforms into the rod-shaped bacterium only when it multiplies. The bacterium usually produce the spore at one end of the rod. The spores can last many years in soil, dust, and animal waste and are very resistant to extreme temperatures. This makes infection of a wound with C. Tetani spores rather common. However, tetanus only occurs when active bacterial cells are present. These active cells release two exotoxins, tetanolysin and tetanospasmin. The function of

The main objective of this experiment is to investigate the effect of different types of antibiotics on bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Some of the main methods used in this experiment

Invertebrates lack a complex clotting factor cascade that is found in humans. Instead horseshoe crabs have a group of proteins known as lectin (3). The function of Tachylectin-5A, which is produced by hemolymph, posses strong hemagglutinating activity against all types of human erythrocytes (3). It plays an important role in the recognition of invading pathogens. Tachylectin-5A serves to trigger the activation of the complement system and the activation of serine proteases (6).

Colonies of S. warneri are usually tan, yellow and about 2-4mm in diameter after 48