Temporal Lobe Epileptogenesis

Pathophysiology of epilepsy- Epileptic seizures arise from an excessively synchronous and sustained discharge of group of neurons [9].Abnormal cellular discharges may be associated with various causative factors such as trauma, oxygen deprivation, tumors, infections. Although different types of epileptic syndromes differ pathophysiologically, ictogenesis related mechanisms are often common. It is generally accepted that ictogenesis results from hyperexcitability of neuronal membrane. Both neurotransmitters and ion channels play a crucial role in neuronal excitability[9]. Excitability is a crucial feature of ictogenesis that may originate from individual neurons, neuronal environment and population of neurons. Excitability arising from single

Seizures are groups of neurons that discharge which lead to excessive excitation or loss of inhibition of those neurons. The cause of seizures is thought of as malfunction of ion channels. The repeated electrical activity from seizures damages brain cells. Epilepsy is defined as “a condition characterized by two or more recurrent epileptic seizures over a period longer than 24 hours, unprovoked by an immediate identified cause” (Bharucha et al, 1997). Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a repeated occurrence of epileptic seizures occurring in the temporal lobe. TLE is the most common type of epilepsy seen in 60% of patients (Wass et al, 1996). TLE is seen in two types; one including the medial structures of the temporal and the second including

Neuronal messages are transmitted by electrical impulses called the Action Potential. This is actually a net positive inward ion flux that leads to depolarization or voltage change in the neuronal membrane. The ions involved include sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride. Normally brain tissues prevent hyper excitability by several inhibitory mechanisms involving negative ions like chloride ions.

Epilepsy is a complicated neurological disorder that affects the central nervous system, specifically the brain. It can be caused by the over-excitation of neurons, which occurs when the electrical activity is irregular or when two or more unprovoked seizures arise. The left hemisphere communicates to the right hemisphere by sending signals in order to let it know what’s going on (vice versa). In epilepsy, the signal goes back and forth, resulting in a positive feedback. Positive feedback is a self-amplifying cycle, where a physiological change leads to a greater change in the same direction. As the stimulus goes back and forth, rapidly it gets bigger each time, hence the stimulus process becomes unstable, and an epilepsy can occur. This

The documentary’s description of neuroplasticity of seizure patients represents the unknowing and negligent work ethic of modern day scientists and researchers alike. This is confirmed by the lack of treatment of these afflicted individuals who suffer a never ending siege daily with themselves, almost always certain that their pain will end but it is always to no avail.

Epilepsy is an increasingly common brain disorder caused by abnormal electrical activity in various parts of the brain. It can result in intermittent episodes of convulsions, unconsciousness and sensory disturbance, among other symptoms (Epilepsy Action Australia, 2016).

Epilepsy is not what you think. It is a complicated disease, a disease that doesn't just affect one type of person or age. Over fifty million men, women, and children cope with this disease daily. Epilepsy is a mysterious disease to those who are unfamiliar and uneducated about the disease. Many people have preconceived notions about Epileptics. Researching the topic thoroughly, the five preconceived notions I explored have been proven to be false.

Seizure disorders, according to the Mayo Clinic (2015), affect approximately 1 in 26 people in the United States. Persistent, or chronic, seizures result from a condition called epilepsy, a neurological disorder of the central nervous system. It can affect anyone regardless of age, but is more common during early childhood and after age 60. Given the number of people that seizure disorders, such as epilepsy, affect, it becomes helpful to gain a foundational understanding of the disease, including some of the causes, symptoms, and treatments available.

Epilepsy is a brain disorder classified as a neurological disorder that affects the brain’s electrical and immoderate activity which causes a person to have a seizure. This brain disorder goes back thousands of years to Ancient Greece where these individuals believed that people had seizures, they were being visited by an evil spirit or demon. The word Epilepsy also derives from the ancient Greek word attack. Ancient Greeks also thought that this neurological disorder, Epilepsy, was infectious and for this same matter most of the people that suffered from this disorder lived alone. Now in present day, researchers and scientist know that this is not true and they now know the real factors and things that cause these seizures to occur.

Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which individuals have recurrent seizures. Seizures can occur in children and adults of any age. There are around 50 million people in the world who has the disorder. Individuals in developing countries are at a higher risk for developing the disorder. Seizures occur due to hyper-excitability and hyper-synchronization of neurons. Action potential transmits messages and it leads to depolarization. When neurons are uncontrollably depolarizes because of hyper-excitability due to too little inhibition, it cause a seizure. Seizures can last from a few seconds to a few minutes. As spontaneously they can develop is also as fast and spontaneous they can end.

The BBB evolved as an extremely tight barrier to protect the brain from potentially toxic compounds. Though it is an indispensable part of the Central Nervous System, its tightness makes delivering therapeutic drugs to the brain very difficult.

Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder in which nerve cell activity in the brain becomes disrupted, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations and sometimes loss of consciousness. Epilepsy also known as seizures is a brain disorder involving repeated, spontaneous seizures of any type. Epilepsy is not a single disorder but rather a wide spectrum of problems. What all types of epilepsy share are recurrent, unprovoked seizures caused by an uncontrolled electrical discharge from nerve cells in the cerebral cortex. This part of the brain controls higher mental functions, general movement, and the functions of the internal organs in the abdominal cavity, perception, and behavioral reactions.

During normal development of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), neural stem cells (NSC) give rise to neurons via process of neurogenesis (Kempermann et al., 2004; Zhao et al., 2008). Neurogenesis normally occurs in dentate gyrus (DG) region of the hippocampus and lateral ventricle of sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) (Zhao et al., 2008). Hippocampal neurogenesis plays pivotal role in neurologic and psychiatric disorder like epilepsy, depression, schizophrenia and mood disorders (Antonova et al., 2004; Keller and Roberts, 2008; Lucassen et al., 2006; Zhao et al., 2008). Development of the nervous system is complex, and includes multistep dynamic processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, expansion of axons and dendrites, synapse formation, myelination and programmed cell death (Rice and Barone, 2000). These processes required the coordinated expression of cellular and molecular events in a spatial and temporal manner during the brain development (Rice and Barone, 2000; Rodier, 1994). Several growth factors and signal transduction cascades have been implicated in controlling NSC behavior in the developing brain (Faigle and Song, 2013). Among these, members of the Wnt family of secreted glycoprotein thought to be variably influence proliferation and lineage decisions of NSC and their progeny (Clevers et al., 2014).

There is 2 type of seizures. The Epileptic Seizures and the Non-Epileptic Seizures (NES). There are different types of epileptic seizure, but they all start in the brain. Whereas, NES do not star in the brain. NES include seizures that are caused by some condition such as hypoglycaemia, or a change to the way the heart is functioning. Also, some infants have ‘febrile convulsions’ (jerking movements) when their body temperature is high.

Epilepsy is a general term for any brain disorder that causes unpredictable regular seizures. These seizures as caused by a disturbance in the brain’s electrical activity. It is considered a chronic neurological disorder, the fourth most common in the world. There were around 3.4 million people reported as having epilepsy in the United States in 2015 with 470,000 of those being children (CDC, 2017). This is about 1.2% of the population in the United States (CDC, 2017). There are about 50 million people who experience epilepsy globally (WHO, 2017). In the District of Columbia there are about 7,500 cases of active epilepsy. It’s estimated that 2.4 million people per year are diagnosed with epilepsy globally (WHO, 2017).