Temporal Lobe Epileptogenesis

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The documentary’s description of neuroplasticity of seizure patients represents the unknowing and negligent work ethic of modern day scientists and researchers alike. This is confirmed by the lack of treatment of these afflicted individuals who suffer a never ending siege daily with themselves, almost always certain that their pain will end but it is always to no avail.

NMDA Receptor is one of the crucial glutamate receptors present in the nerve cell. It gets activated when glutamate or Glycine binds to it. NMDA receptor is known for its role in synaptic plasticity and membrane function (learning and memory). Its activity is highly dependent on calcium influx. It is a tri heteromeric receptor with three different subunits NR1, NR2 and NR3. Each subunit has several other subunits, each of them having a unique function: NR1 has 8, NR2 has 4 (NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, NR2D), NR3 has 2 (NR3A, NR3B). Out of all the subunits, NR2A and NR2B have been extensively studied. NR2A, also known as GluN2A is believed to be involved in cell death pathways whereas NR2B, also known as GluN2B is believed to be involved in cell survival cascades (Bayer et al., 2006). Interestingly, GluN2B and GluN2A have differing roles, and both can affect either long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term differentiation (LTD)

A 57 year old male patient came to the Emergency Room with symptoms of inability to speak, enlargement of pupils, loss of coordination, and loss of memory. The patients’ family has verified that the patient has fallen off of the roof while trying to clean the gutters. The patient is showing signs and symptoms of a traumatic brain injury.

Once spontaneous seizures have developed, they will continue for the rest of the animal’s lifetime. The model is simple to establish and does not require any specialist equipment, as kindling does, which minimises costs. Induction of SE as the original precipitating injury closely resembles human TLE (similar to the kainate model) and is easier to model in animals than trauma or febrile seizures 27. However, most precipitating injuries in humans occur in the first few years of childhood 33, and as the optimum time for establishing SE with pilocarpine is PN21, the model is not completely homologous with human epilepsy. The pilocarpine model has the potential to be refractory to AEDs, as TLE often presents with pharmacoresistant seizures, however this is yet to be determined. The model is most suited to investigating biomarkers and fundamental mechanisms of epileptogenesis, or testing newly emergent drugs from high-throughput screening

In 2005 Cobb County, a high performing district in north georgia had a pending school board approval for middle and high school to receive 63,000 iBookG4s from Apple? Cobb county should implement the one to one initiative because it makes teaching much easier to learn, if you are absent from school you can get you work done, and it allows us to connect with our teachers outside of school when we need help with any assignments.

This research aims at understanding how Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) develops after traumatic incidents such as stroke. In our lab, we use a transgenic mouse model in order to selectively delete PTEN from dentate granule cells (DGC) found in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus- where TLE forms. The experiments have shown that deleting PTEN causes abnormalities amongst DGC, causes mice to display seizures, and is sufficient to cause TLE. By utilizing advanced imaging and neuron reconstruction we are able to test the leading hypothesis that abnormal DGC drive TLE.

The nervous system functions by using a combination of chemical and electrical processes to control voluntary (somatic) and involuntary (autonomic) movement. This is achieved through the transmission of signals via specialised cells called neurones and nerves, as shown in Figure 1 (livescience, 2016). In the brain, ion channels exist that allow a steady current to pass through by firing regularly. In the event of a seizure, ion channels that have been genetically damaged

(B, lower panel). Decreased K+ conductance (C, upper panel) also can predispose to PDS. (Adapted with permission from Chang BS, Lowenstein DH. Epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1261. Copyright © 2003 Massachusetts Medical Society.) by Henry R. Thomas. Epilepsy Board Review Manual

Epilepsy is a complicated neurological disorder that affects the central nervous system, specifically the brain. It can be caused by the over-excitation of neurons, which occurs when the electrical activity is irregular or when two or more unprovoked seizures arise. The left hemisphere communicates to the right hemisphere by sending signals in order to let it know what’s going on (vice versa). In epilepsy, the signal goes back and forth, resulting in a positive feedback. Positive feedback is a self-amplifying cycle, where a physiological change leads to a greater change in the same direction. As the stimulus goes back and forth, rapidly it gets bigger each time, hence the stimulus process becomes unstable, and an epilepsy can occur. This

Epilepsy refers to a seizure disorder where the central nervous system does not function properly. It is a neurological disorder. It is when nerve cell activity in the brain is disturbed, causing seizures. There is no cure for epilepsy, but there are treatments to help limit the number of seizures. Most people that have epilepsy live normal lives with some or no restrictions. Most people outgrow their seizures once they get to adulthood. Seventy percent of people with epilepsy are diagnosed before the age of twenty and thirty percent develop a seizure disorder after the age of twenty. Understanding epilepsy’s origin, symptoms, diagnosis process, treatment options, and effects on daily life will eventually lead to a cure.

Epilepsy is a brain disorder classified as a neurological disorder that affects the brain’s electrical and immoderate activity which causes a person to have a seizure. This brain disorder goes back thousands of years to Ancient Greece where these individuals believed that people had seizures, they were being visited by an evil spirit or demon. The word Epilepsy also derives from the ancient Greek word attack. Ancient Greeks also thought that this neurological disorder, Epilepsy, was infectious and for this same matter most of the people that suffered from this disorder lived alone. Now in present day, researchers and scientist know that this is not true and they now know the real factors and things that cause these seizures to occur.

Although there is no cure for epilepsy, there are many different drug treatments can be effective in prevention seizures, including benzodiazepines or barbiturates. However, breakthrough seizures are still possible.1 Due to the unpredictable nature of seizures, epileptic patients often experience a lower quality of life since they cannot drive and cannot work in certain job fields. Furthermore, seizures can also lead to many different types of injuries in epileptic patients, some of which could be fatal, such as choking on the tongue. In the United States alone one in twenty-five people suffer from epilepsy.2

Epilepsy is a neurological infirmity that involves repeated, involuntary seizure activity [1]. The seizures are produced by the sudden burst of hyperactivity in the brain, causing strange sensations, body stiffening, loss of memory or behaviour, jerking of arms and legs etc. More than 2% of the population are affected by epilepsy. The seizure symptoms may differ from one person to another and can be triggered by various factors which include brain injury or brain tumour, alcohol or drug effects, genetic disorders and infections. Quick diagnosis and early treatment is essential to avoid any dangerous and life threatening situations [2].

The term “epilepsy” is derived from Greek word “epilambanein”, which means “to seize upon” or “to attack”. In this modern world, epilepsy is one of the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases. Epilepsy is a condition in which a person has recurrent seizures. Seizure can defined as an abnormal, disorderly discharging of nerve cells of brain; resulting in a temporary disturbance of motor, sensory, or mental function. Epilepsy is the most common neurological condition affecting people of all ages, race, and social class. There are 50 million people with epilepsy in the world, of which up to 75% live in resource - poor countries with less or no access to medical treatment. Overall prevalence rate of epilepsy in India at 5.59 per 1,000 populations,