Tensile Testing

Concrete can be looked at as a material made from sand, gravel and cement. According to Lambert (2002), “the first major concrete users were the Egyptians in around 2,500 BC and the Romans from around 300 BC”. Roman concrete like modern concrete was an artificial building material made up of aggregate, binding agent and water. Aggregate could be gravel, chunks of stone, chunks of rubble, broken bricks, etc. Binding agent could be mud , lime or gypsum, mixed with rubbles stone. The Roman added pozzolona, a special volcanic dust found in central Italy (Archserve, n.d). The addition of pozzolona made the bond with the aggregate far stronger than what was traditionally being used. This development drastically changed and shaped construction work in the life of Rome.

“Most of these buildings were used as retail spaces at the streel level, with office or apartment above” (Coffey, M. 2011, para.9). Having stated that, most of ordinary construction are older buildings that have been renovated, causing void spaces where fire can hide and spread to other parts of the building. Since fire loves wood, this causes a dangerous situation for fire fighters. As stated by Pronesti, J (nd), “when renovation take place void spaces are usually created that allows for hidden fire travel. This makes these buildings prone to rapid fire spread and structural collapse” (p.1). The rating on ordinary construction is “two hours for exterior walls, one hour for structural frame and one hour for floor, ceiling and roof protection. If its unprotected combustible, the rating is the same for the exterior walls but no fire resistance for structural frame, floor, ceiling or roofs” (Minnesota Department of public safety, nd. Para.5-6). All fires are dangerous and have the potential to get out of control quickly and cause harm, but ordinary construction has lot of issues, so depending on how involved the fire is, a quick attack needs to be

“Roman concrete (opus caementicium), like modern concrete, is an artificial building material composed of an aggregate, a binding agent, and water. Aggregate is essentially a filler, such as gravel, chunks of stone and rubble, broken bricks, etc. Binding agent is a substance which is mixed with the aggregate wet (water added) and solidifies when it dries, or "sets." Many materials, even mud, can be a binding agent, and used to make, what we generally call, mortar. Historically lime or gypsum, mixed with rubble stones, have been used as binding agents in making a strong mortar” (Roman Concrete).

This report aims to analyse and discuss the results of carrying out tensile tests for two materials, in this case Mild Steel and Nylon. The purpose of this is to use the information generated to calculate Young’s Modulus, Yield Stress, Tensile Strength, and Percentage Elongation. These properties must be known before designing a product using the materials tested, because the anticipated behaviour of the material must be suitable for the design specification, with a margin left for safety.

What's more a greater amount of the outside wall can be insulated because of the more proficient framing.

First, concrete durable. Concrete is something that will outlive other products up to three times over (“What Makes…”). In addition to durability, concrete is efficient. Concrete can be made with byproducts from power plants, and other aspects of manufacturing. Concrete is primarily made up limestone, the most abundant material on Earth. Above all of this concrete can be recycled. Concrete can be crushed and recycled into another structure or product, reducing the need to mine the limestone for production. Concrete also allows water to pass through which reduces the chance of flash flooding, erosion, and water table depletion as compared to other materials. This is a major check in the sustainability of concrete; the conservation of soil, landscape and ecosystems. Concrete is a very green option when it comes to building

Concrete one of the most common and appropriate material in building a bridge. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. However, concrete embedded with steel bars, known as reinforced concrete, serves as a solution for the steel carries all the tension. Less concrete will be used with reinforced concrete and the concrete that is used protects the steel from fire and corrosion.

Concrete is a tough and reliable material, and it can be used for a wide range of projects. Eventually though, a structure made from this versatile material will need to be replaced. At the very least, it may require repairs.

A great example of their use of this material would have to be the pantheon. This well preserved ancient Roman monument has held together for thousands of years, and displays marks that tell the many stories that surrounded it in history. Furthermore, this large scale structure was made entirely out of Roman concrete without steel enforcement, which would not be attempted today (Anderson, J.). Another common use of concrete would have to be in the construction of multistory apartment buildings such as those that existed in the city of Ostia, which still leave evidence of this building material today. In order to fit the large population, the insula were built in large scale and had to hold the weight of all those people that welled in the apartments. Furthermore, these dwellings that were meant to house a large population, “were constructed in brick, concrete, and wood, sometimes had balconies” which is a demonstration of how versatile of a material this concrete really was (Cartwright,

Human activities are impacting the environment by adding more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and this is negative since more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere means unclean air and a hotter Earth. According to the article “Concrete: What is the big deal?” the author informs the reader about concrete by explaining, “In 2011, we used approximately 3.6 million tons of the stuff within the construction industry - the problem being that for every ton of cement produced, one ton (1,000 pounds) of CO2 is also produced.” This demonstrates the negative effect of humans creating concrete. When humans produce concrete, they become responsible for about 4-5% of the Earth’s total CO2 emissions which is caused by humans’ cement production which is within

In order to discuss concrete; one must first mention cement. Cement is a water-based binder used to bind other building materials together. It is used in the production of mortar and concrete during the construction process. Concrete is a material used in construction, made by mixing aggregate, cement, small stones and water. Cement is important because it hold structures together. Many sources states concrete was invented 1756 by a British Engineer named John Smeaton. He did so by mixing pebbles as a coarse aggregate into a powdered brick into the cement. Years layer in 1824, a English inventor named Mr Joseph Aspdin created the first true artificial cement by burning ground limestone and clay together. He is also noted for creating today’s popular concrete; Portland cement. Many buildings use concrete because of its strong element. It solidifies then hardens after mixing with water and placement due to the chemical process known as hydration. Water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components together, eventually creating a stone-like material. Concrete is used to make pavements, pipe, various structures, foundations, roads, bridges, brick walls and so on. It is either produced site-cast or pre-cast. Site-cast Concrete is standard concrete that is poured into site-specific forms and cured on site; the concrete is created on the actually construction site. Precast concrete is a construction

Roman concrete, like its modern counterpart, is an artificial building material composed of an aggregate, binding agent and water. Aggregate can be anything from mud, rubble to stones and broken bricks. Binding agent of choice for the Romans was pozzolona, a form of volcanic dust found in central Italy.

Roman concrete, called opus caementicium [o-pus see-men-tic’-ee-um], was made with a special Roman mortar or cement, called caementa [see-ment’-a], created by mixing water, lime, and a special volcanic ash sand, called pozzolana, that gave Roman caementa its special strength. Roman concrete [opus caementicium] was created by first building a form and then pouring in alternating layers of the Roman caementa and layers of rocks, bricks, or gravels. As each layer of rocks, bricks, or gravels was poured in and spread around, Roman workers would then pound the layers firmly together with a tool called a tamp. Roman cement was special not only because it was strong but because it was also hydraulic—it would set up and harden even under water, which made it handy for building things like Roman sewers, cisterns, baths, and even

Luckily there are many technical solutions that already exist and experts all over the world are implementing new strategies that will lead the way in changing how we produce and provide a modern built environment. This includes finding new materials and methods to address the sometimes overlooked CO2 produced directly in building construction while maintaining focus on reducing the massive amounts produced from building operation.

construction material are: Cement,sand ,water.  Concrete,  Lime,  Stones, Paints and Varnishes,   Wood and Timber, Engineering Metals, Bituminous materials and Plastics,  Rubber and Glass, Miscelleneous materials,