Tensile Testing : Tensile Test For Composites Essay

Four test tubes were labeled “H2O A”, “H2O B”, “Enz A”, and “Enz B”. In the test tubes labeled “Enz A” and “Enz B” 1 mL of catalase was pipetted into each, and in the test tubes labeled “H2O A” and “H2O B” 6mL of deionized water was pipetted into each. Next the two test tubes labeled A were placed into an ice bucket, and the test tubes labeled B were placed in a 50°C water bath. These were left in their respected locations for 5 minutes each, and then the temperature of the test tubes in the ice bucket were recorded. Next the “Enz A” test tube was mixed with the “H2O A” test tube and 100µL of guaiacol and 150µL of .1% H2O2 were added to this mixture using a micropipette. The test tube was then covered with aluminum foil and inverted to mix the solution and then placed in a curvette and into the spectrometer. The initial absorbance was recorded and the curvette was placed back in the ice bucket. Then the contents of the test tubes labeled B were mixed and 100µL of guaiacol and 150µL of .1% H2O2 were added to this mixture using a micropipette. This was then placed in a curvette and into the spectrometer and the initial absorbance was recorded and the curvette placed back in the water bath. Finally after 5 minutes of time had passed each of these were placed in the spectrometer again and their absorbance levels recorded. This process should be a very quick one to ensure that the

The tensile testing was done on the three composite specimens (90°, and two 45°) were completed with a servo-hydraulic load frame with a wedge. The one in the lab was the MTS 647 hydraulic wedge grip and an 810 material test system. The specimens had strain gages with a Wheatstone bridge to collect data such as time, distance, load, axial strain, and transverse strain. From the strain gages, evidence can support how and when the specimen material failed under the stress being applied to it. The test was run for three times on three different specimens. The first specimen that was tested in the hydraulic load was the 0°/90° specimen, which is made of carbon and epoxy laminate composite.

acid (0.2%) were added and the reaction mixture was heated on a boiling water bath for time period of 30 min. The absorbance was measured at 570 nm using a UVvisible spectrophotometer (LAMBDA 1050, PerkinElmer). Dulcitol. was used as standard.

A group of aneurysmal and control human ATAs were obtained and tested in accordance with the ethical approval of the Montreal Heart Institute, and Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Diseased aortas were collected during surgery; and, the control tissues were obtained from autopsy and Ross surgery.

Materials: Graduated cylinder, flasks, distilled water, Lugol’s iodine, test tube, pipette, vortexer, spectrophotometer, cuvette, Starch Solution, ph buffer, enzyme extract, ice water bath, hot water bath Methods: Alternating Enzyme Concentration to Determine Its Effect on a Constant Concentration of Substrate The enzyme is to be placed in flask one and distilled water in flasks two and three. A dilution of 1:3 is created by taking some of the enzyme from flask one into two. A dilution of 1:9 is created by taking and mixing some of the enzyme from flask two into three. Some from flask three is removed.

The automotive industry’s use of structural composite materials began in the 1950s. Since those early days, it has been demonstrated that composites are lightweight, fatigue resistant and easily molded to shape. In other words, composite structures are seemingly attractive alternative to metals. Not only are composites used in the field of automotive but in all other fields such as aerospace, construction industry, and the entertainment industry.

The objective of composite materials is to take advantage of the superior properties of both materials. Industry has identified the ability of composite material to produce high strength, high corrosive environment, and high durable as well as cost effective products.

A composite material is a material that is made of (composed of) 2 or more constituent materials with different physical and chemical properties of each other. When combined, these materials form a composite with different properties from both of its constituent. Composite material is preferred for many reasons. It is often stronger, lighter, and less expensive when compared to traditional materials. Engineered composite materials, for example, are: mortars, concrete, metal composites, reinforced plastics, and ceramic composites. Nowadays, composites are widely used in many fields, especially in industries. Industries including oil and gas industry now use composites as their equipment’s material. One of the strongest reason why composites are now widely used, is that, use of composites lower the production cost for

The immersion effect at 6 and 12 month using various ratios of EAFS as illustrated in FTIR spectra Figures (5, 6). The patterns of 6 months [Fig. (5)] show an increased in broadness of T-O-Si band at about 975 cm-1 with EAF slag increase up to 50 % in addition to low wave number shift which depicts vitreous component increase. The increased intensity of the Si–O–(Si, Al) asymmetric band in addition to the shift to higher wave number (from 690 to 779 cm-1) with increased contents of EAFS up to 50 % (A3), suggests aluminosilicate framework modification as compared with solely GGBFS based geopolymers as a consequence of cation substitution in the non-framework sites [Bernal, et al. (2012)]. However, a sharp increase in asymmetric stretching vibration at about 1110 cm-1 corresponding to ettringite [Mollah et al. (1998); Hanna et al. (1995)], upon using 75 % EAFS reflecting the decreased content of the amorphous geopolymer resulting from the increased iron content resulting in lower stability against sulfate attack as reflected from ettringite formation, the increased intensity of carbonate bands at 1430 cm-1 (ν C–O ), and 867 cm-1(δ C–O ) with EAFS as a result of the carbonates in the used raw material which inactive under alkaline activation [Bernal, et al. (2012)].

The research was conducted on failure ways and criteria for their manifestation in composite beams and columns [37]. They found that the initiations of the different failure modes are influenced by the material properties, type of loading, and geometric dimensions. They conveyed that the loading type or condition governs the state of stress all through the composite structure, which controls the locality and mode of failure. The suitable failure criteria at any point of the structure accounts for the biaxiality or triaxiality of the state of stress [38]. A four nodded plate element based on a sophisticated higher order shear deformation theory can be established [39] for the investigation of composite plates. This plate theory fulfils the requirements of inter-laminar shear stress continuity and stress free bottom and top faces of the plate. Besides, the number of independent unknowns is the same as that in the first order shear deformation concept.

Abstract-- The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the usefulness of the erosion efficiency by considering the large body of data in the literature pertaining to the solid particle erosion of polymer composites under normal impact conditions and to identify various mechanisms in solid particle erosion. Eroded surfaces of composite samples were also examined by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) to see the effect of impact velocity and impingement angle on the surface of composites.

Composite materials is also called composition materials or shortened to composites. They may be selected to give unusual combinations of weight, stiffness, high temperature performance, strength, corrosion resistance, conductivity, or hardness. They are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties. When combined, they produce a material with different characteristics from the individual components. The individual components will remain distinct and separate with the final structure.

Glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) have been widely used in aircraft, automobile and structural applications. The components need high quality machined surface, better dimensional accuracy and surface consistency. But machining mechanism of composite materials is not easy to understand, because of its inhomogeneous and anisotropic behavior. The machining leads to several damages such as fiber cracks, delamination, fiber pullout and burning. Hence, research in machining of GFRPs is few when compared with metals, the effect of tool nomenclature and materials [1, 2]. The investigators have studied the machining of chip formation mechanisms [3,4 and 5]. The researcher investigated on machinability integrity on different fiber directions with different tool helix angles [6]. The experimental studies are also based on machining characteristics related to orthogonal cutting of unidirectional fiber

FE analysis of composites can be categorized based on the way that the microstructure is simulated. Creating and analyzing a representative volume element (RVE) is one of the most resent and accurate approaches. RVE can be defined in multiple different ways [19] and can be simulated as 2D or 3D. Although alternative definitions are being explored [20], the 3D RVE for a particle reinforced composite can be defined as a small cubic sample of that composite, which its structure and properties would statistically represent the structure and properties of the whole composite [3], [21]. Notice that for a 2D simulation, the RVE would have the shape of a square, as opposed to a cube.

Abstract-- This study aim to investigate the needlepunched nonwoven textile material based composites. Epoxy as a bonding agent and polypropylene based needle-punched nonwoven fiber mat (PP600gsm) as a reinforced component of composites were used. The solid particle erosion and mechanical properties of needlepunched nonwoven fiber mat reinforced composites were investigated. The solid particle erosion wear behavior of needlepunched nonwoven polypropylene composites was evaluated using irregular shape silica sand particles with the size of 250, 350 and 450μm. These sand particles were accelerated along a 50mm long nozzle of 3 mm diameter at a varying impact velocity, angles of impingement and stand of distance. Taguchi analysis was carried out on the basis of Design of experiments (DoE) approach to establish the inter-dependence of operating parameters. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and S/N (signal-to-noise) ratios have been performed on the measured data. Eroded surfaces of composite samples were examined by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) to see the