Teriflunomide Research Paper

Malaria infection is caused by parasitic protozoan plasmodium. Several species of malaria parasites exist but the most fatal known is plasmodium falciparum. It enters the liver and replicates itself by getting into the red blood cell and ripping its way out when fully matured. It was once thought that the US military got close to completely eradicating the vector mosquito through DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and the parasitic plasmodium with vaccines until they discovered that both are capable of mutating and gained the ability to be resistant to any chemicals scientists could produce (Horizon, 2005).

Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite. It is unique of the class of Plasmodium that is the foundation and cause malaria in individuals. There are other Plasmodium species that can cause malaria in humans. Nevertheless P. falciparum is the most common, virulent, and deadly. P. falciparum communicable by the female Anopheles mosquito.

In the article” When mosquitoes were killers in America” by Lauren Tarshis, there is evidence that discussed how mosquitoes were far more than a nuisance. The article talked about the symptoms of having malaria. Tarshis said,”Those who become sick get high fevers, bone - rattling chills, and painful muscle aches.” It must have been very painful for people in the olden days who had malaria. The current generation is very lucky because there are medicines that reduce pain. Malaria is a deadly disease caused by mosquitoes sucking blood and transferring the blood to another human's body. Tarshis talked about how many people die in a year due to mosquitoes. The article says” In this way, bite by itchy bite, 212 million people are infected with malaria

Malaria, on the other hand, was far off more deadly then Yellow fever for it consisted of parasites (Malaria). An engineer once quoted “If we could control malaria, I would be less anxious about other diseases. If we cannot control malaria, our mortality is going to very heavy” (American Canal Construction). Consequently, these infections developed in mosquito salivary glands as well and reproduce in the liver (Malaria). Above all, this incubation period could last for months to a year at a time (Malaria). When the parasites leave the liver they reenter the bloodstream where they are able to infect red blood cells to reproduce once again until the cell bursts (Malaria). As a result, it caused anemia and jaundice from the lack of blood cells (Malaria). Other symptoms include seizures, confusion, coma and death (Malaria).

It is caused by a parasite that infects certain mosquitos that feed on humans. People infected with malaria usually suffer from high fevers, shaking chills, achy muscles, headaches, tiredness, and flu-like illness. It may also cause jaundice and anemia. The malaria parasite is found in the red blood cells of a person which means it can be transmitted through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or the shared use of needles syringes contaminated with blood. Malaria is not contagious; it cannot be transmitted from one person to another. Some parasites can remain dormant in the infected person’s body for up to four years after they are bitten. When the parasite comes out of hibernation and begins to invade the red blood cells, the person will become sick.

Mosquitoes pass malaria to humans through their salivary glands. Once the parasites have entered the blood stream, they go to the liver. In the liver they mature and undergo reproduction, forming merozoites. These merozoites enter the blood stream and inject themselves into red blood cells. Once inside the blood cells, they reproduce rapidly and within forty-eight to seventy-two hours, the blood cell bursts, releasing hemoglobin into the blood stream. It is the destruction of these blood cells and the hemoglobin released into the blood stream that actually causes most of the symptoms.

Malaria is a parasite that attacks the red blood cells in the body, some effects of Malaria are chills, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

By altering the genes of mosquitoes the scientists want to get rid of this disease. By making the mosquito body chemistry toxic to the malaria parasite. There are other methods were scientist try to trap the parasite inside the mosquitoes gut into its salivary glands, molecules on the parasite surface fit certain receptors on mosquitoes tissue that allow free passage and scientist think they can block those receptors. By blocking these receptors the parasite dies inside the mosquito and the mosquito can no longer carry Malaria. Another approach would be when scientist insert a toxin to kill the parasite.

Fluoroquinolones are anti-bacterial that are used for urinary tract infections, skin infections, lower respiratory tract infections, bone infections and sexually transmitted diseases. They are bactericides that block the DNA gyrase. Fluoroquinolones are different from other anti-bacterials. They have great distribution properties (Burchum & Rosenthal, 2016).

At times an infected female mosquito bites a person; she might inject the worm larvae into their bloodstream. The worm larvae then replicate and extend throughout the bloodstream.

There are currently five distinct protozoan vertebrate Plasmodium species identified as causal agents of malaria in humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovalae, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi, with the most common, P. falciparum, accounting for approximately seventy percent of all cases. The female Anopheles gambiae is a vector for all plasmodia of malaria, as observed by Ronald Ross in 1897 (Nobel Media, 2014) , and acquires the Plasmodium by feeding on the blood of an already infected human. Subsequently, the Plasmodium multiplies, and migrates from the midgut of the insect to the oesophagus, ready to be regurgitated into the bloodstream when the mosquito obtains a blood meal from a human (NIH, 2017) . Ultimately, once inoculated by the

Malaria is caused when the female Anopheles mosquito that carries malaria-causing parasites bites an individual human being(Yamagishi et al., 2014). For instance, the female Anopheles mosquito bites people to feed on the blood, since the female mosquito needs blood to support during its pregnancy. When it bites the human body, it injects the parasite in the blood of the human being in the form of

Most symptoms caused by Plasmodium falciparum range from headaches and fever to the possibilities of coma and even death. Transmission of this parasite is due to a bite from a female Anopheles mosquito. Once transmitted, the sporozoite is passed into the circulatory system, which is then advantageous to the parasite as it readily invades hepatocytes. From this point, the life cycle continues and malaria results from infection. A total of five species can infect and are considered transmittable to humans, but for the purpose of this review, Plasmodium falciparum is the most significant.

In this test, I will be using Plasmodium Berghi, a type of malaria that is only infectious to mice.

Neveran Protozoan (NP) is a blood-borne protozoan transmitted by mosquitoes that causes malaria-like symptoms, it draws upon the microbiologist name ××× while going through a vector transmitted diseases project research in Southeast Asia. Neveran Protozoan (NP) is recently discovered a genus of parasitic protozoans, plasmodium (Kim-Sung, L, Janet, C & Balbir, S, 2009). It is predicted to become a new severe vector transmitted infections with high incidence rate and fatality rate for human beings. Case of NP are recently discovered in tropical and subtropical countries which has higher temperatures like Africa, Asia, Indonesia and so forth (Better Health, 2015).The best prevention method Because of NP has the host defensive ability for the human immune system, there is no defences in vaccine form so far, thus, the best effective method is control mosquito before vaccine is created successfully.