Term Analysis : TLS Fingerprinting And Client Identification

But how does it work? The internet, based on the concept of “packet switching”, involves the travelling of small packets of data over one or more networks (Frenzel, 2013). This can be compared to “electronic postcards”, meaning that “a computer generates a piece of data and flings it into the net, just like the postal system, except 100 million times faster” (Cerf, 2013). This concept allows one computer to speak to many different computers around the network by sending out these “electronic postcards”. However, before these networks can work seamlessly together, they must use a common protocol, or set of rules for transmitting and receiving these packets of data. There are several protocols currently in use, including the OSI Model, the TCP/IP Model, UDP, HTTP, and FDP (Mitchell, 2014), but the most commonly used is Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (Gilmer, 2011). Even as early as 1977, TCP/IP was being used by other networks to link to ARPANET (Kozierok,

Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are used to allow a remote public connection to an internal network. A VPN is essentially a virtual tunnel connecting a remote user (Tunnel Vision). The traffic within the VPN tunnel is encrypted, and there are two ways to do this. One way is Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) and the other is Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).

Protocol capture tools and protocol analyzers are important tools for an information systems security professional. These utilities can be used to troubleshoot issues on the network. They can verify adherence to corporate policies, such as whether or not clear text privacy data is being sent on the network. They can be used to test security countermeasures and firewall deployments and are needed to perform audits, security assessments, network baseline definitions, and identification of rogue IP devices.

TLS (Transport Layer Security) is the successor to another security protocol; SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) which was originally developed by ‘Netscape’ (HowStuffWorks "SSL and TLS". 2014). It is a cryptographic security protocol which was designed primarily to ensure communication security across the internet. Communication security is achieved by the use of X.509 certificates and hence asymmetric cryptography which allows the exchange of a symmetric key, which can then be used to encrypt the data that is being transmitted between both parties involved in the communication. The protocol is made up of two main layers; TLS Record Protocol and TLS Handshake Protocol. TLS will be most commonly recognised when ‘https’ is noticed in

With the ever increasing surge of digital communications and transactions, a tougher level of security is essential in order to safeguard the user and their data transactions. Systems, personal computers, mobile phones, servers, and even smart cards are all being used everywhere and there is a need to secure communications. With the influx of data management, there is a clear race between the two challengers in the game known as Information Security between developers and the hackers. PKI was designed to influence the Internet infrastructure for means of communication (Samuelle, 2011). While decreasing antagonistic misuse of data, reducing data theft, and providing an extra layer of trust through key pairs and

Change Cipher Spec: - This protocol is used to change the keying material used for encryption between the client and server. Keying material is raw data that is used to create keys for cryptographic use. The Change Cipher Spec sub-protocol consists of a single message to tell other party in the SSL/TLS session, who is also known is the peer that the sender wants to change to a new set of keys.

It is a protocol that allows users to access a remote network through a secure channel using encrypted passwords.

15. The original ClientHello message is a version 2 SSL, but if the server replies the message with a version 3 SSL frame, the subsequent SSL message exchange will all turn into version 3

Data Link Layer encrytion encrypts all the data along a specific communication path, as in a satellite link, T3 line, or telephone circuit. Not only is the user information encrypted, but the

Security is the heart of internetworking. The world has moved from an Internet of implicit trust to an Internet of pervasive distrust. In network security, no packet can be trusted; all packets must earn that trust through a network device’s ability to inspect and enforce policy. Clear text (unencrypted data) services represent a great weakness in networks. Clear text services transmit all information or packets, including user names and passwords, in unencrypted format. Services such as file transfer protocol (FTP), email, telnet and basic HTTP authentication all transmit communications in clear text. A hacker with a sniffer could easily capture user names and passwords from the network without anyone’s knowledge and gain administrator access to the system. Clear text services should be avoided; instead secure services that encrypt communications, such as Secure Shell (SSH) and Secure Socket Layer (SSL), should be used. The use of routers and switches will allow for network segmentation and help defend against sniffing

Stream identifiers identify what stream a packet belongs to; class identifier identifies a transmitter and the information and packet classes. The timestamp fields are used to precisely specify the reference point of time for the transmission of the first packet [14]. The trailer is an optional part of the structure that can be used to enable other processes, as well as indicate states and events [14]. For the project these optional fields are disregarded.

The Internet is, quite literally, a network of networks. It is comprised of ten thousands of interconnected networks spanning the globe. The computers that form the Internet range from huge mainframes in research establishments to modest PCs in people's homes and offices. Despite the recent hype, the Internet is not a new phenomenon. Its roots lie in a collection of computers that were linked together in the 1970s to form the US Department of Defense's communications systems. Fearing the consequences of nuclear attack, there was no central computer holding vast amounts of data, rather the information was dispersed across thousands of machines. A set of rules, of protocols, known as TCP/IP was

CSEC 630 Lab2 -Intrusion Detection System and Protocol Analysis Lab (n.d.). University of Maryland University College. Retrieved from: https://learn.umuc.edu/d2l/common/viewFile.d2lfile/Database/NzkyMzkw/CSEC630_lab2_LEO.pdf?ou=33745

Over the next 10 years, we will see a change in technology, and the Internet. Things will continue to progress, and fundamental changes will easily be defined. Technologies have revolutionized how people spread and consume information; these changes will redefine who we are as consumers, merchants, and individuals. With the expansion of computers and the Internet connectivity, people are able to share more of their lives with family and friends. Technology has offered the world so many different services, which include emailing, instant messaging, search engines, blogs, and Wikipedia. These services have changed the way we communicate with others, our knowledge, and the way we conduct business. With the increasing usage of the Internet, developers continue to find ways to improve technology and the way we utilize the Internet. Technology has a wide range of different aspects and concepts, which includes protocols. There has to be rules, and objectives in any and everything we do, and protocols governs communications, errors, detections, messages, and speed. There are three technology concepts behind the Internet, and they are packet switching, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) communications

The two TCP/IP transport layer protocols (TCP and UDP), are very crucial for the smooth operation of network services for both the computer applications and application layer protocols such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP and Telnet. These two transport layer protocols TCP and UDP execute these services via the employment of IP. They use IP in the efficient routing of packets to their respective destination networks (Steinke,2001).The TCP is further noted by Steinke (2001) to be responsible for the provision of a reliable and yet connection-oriented byte-stream packet delivery while its counterpart UDP is noted to be responsible for the provision of a connectionless but rather unreliable packet delivery. In this paper we explain the work of the two TCP/IP transport layer protocols (TCP and UDP). In addition, describe how TCP and UDP manage key functions such as reliability, port addressing, and segmentation.