Terrible Tooth Case form Essay

Action potentials can occur more frequently as long there is a continued source of stimulation, as long as the relative refractory period has been reached, which in experiment 2 the refractory period was complete.

If the nerve impulse is not released than it will not cause an action potential.

As well as these there are also the axon of the cell which is covered in myelin sheaths which carried information away from the cell body and hands the action potentials, these are small short bursts of change in the electrical charge of the axon membrane through openings of ion channels, off to the following neurons dendrites through terminal buttons at the end of the axons. Whenever an action potential is passed through these terminal buttons it releases a chemicals that pass on the action potential on to the next neuron through the terminal button and dendrite connection. The chemicals that are

Describe the process of synaptic transmission. Include in this description the differences between excitatory and inhibitory transmitters.Sypnaptic transmission is the method in which obe nerve cell communicate to another nerve cell .The communication between nerve cells is done by branching or processing the nerve cell singnals that are passed by t have e nerve cell body or "soma", dentristes, and electrical axon or chemical signals

This stage is called repolarisation. The K+ channels then close, the sodium-potassium pump restarts, restoring the normal distribution of ions either side of the cell surface membrane and thus restoring the resting potential. In response to this the Na+ channels in that area would open up, allowing Na+ ions to flood into the cell and thus reducing the resting potential of the cells. If the resting potential of the cell drops to the threshold level, then an action potential has been generated and an impulse will be fired.

B ) (1) neurotransmitter released (2) diffused across the synaptic cleft to a receptor protein (3) binding of the transmitter opens pores in the ion channels and negative ions move in.

3. A nerve is a bundle of axons, and some nerves are less sensitive to lidocaine. If a nerve, rather than an axon, had been used in the lidocaine experiment, the responses recorded at R1 and R2 would be the sum of all the action potentials (called a compound action potential). Would the response at R2 after lidocaine application necessarily be zero? Why or why not?

An action potential travels down the axon of the presynaptic neuron; once the action potential reaches the axon terminal synaptic vesicles migrate toward the synapse. They then release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The

1. Number the events in the action potential in the order in which they occur.

Single action potentials follow the “all or none” rule. The “all or none” rule being that if a stimulus is strong enough to depolarize the membrane of the neuron to threshold, then an action potential will be fired. Each stimulus that reaches threshold will produce an action potential that is equal in magnitude to every other action potential for the neuron. Compound action potentials do not exhibit this property since they are a bundle of neurons and have different magnitudes of action potentials. Compound action potentials are also graded, meaning the greater the stimulus, the greater the action potential.

Depolarization in membrane potential triggers an action potential because nearby axonal membranes will be depolarized to values near or above threshold voltage.

The classical transmitters are instead synthesized in the axon terminal while it is only the enzymes necessary for their synthesis that are produced in the soma and transported along the axon. These enzymes then act on precursor peptides, which are recycled versions of the neurotransmitter, to produce the neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter is then packed and stored in small clear-core vesicles. Upon release the classical neurotransmitter bind to both GPCRs and ligand-dependent ion channels. Therefore only the classical transmitters, and not the neuropeptides, can give rise to excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). As the neurotransmitter is already in the nerve terminal and is later released directly into the synaptic cleft, the signalling is faster than that of the neuropeptides. Classical neurotransmitters can also be released as a response to smaller stimuli, with only a few action potentials, while neuropeptides require stronger stimuli for

The action potential is the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.

Whenever the balance is altered, the process of transmitting electrical signals, which is called action potential initiates by carrying information across a neuron’s axon; which is called resting membrane potential. This process occurs as uneven ions distribution flow across cell membrane, creating electrical potential. As a result, the duration of active potential can be as fast as 1 ms. Similarly, the average resting membrane is between -40 mV and -80 mV. Since the membrane from inside is more negatively charged than the outside, it reflected on the negative average voltage readings of the resting membrane.

The electrical event that projects the signal along these distances is known as an action potential. The action potential runs from the axon hillock to the end of the axon where more synaptic contacts are made. Target cells of neurons include nerve cells in your brain, spinal cord, cells of your muscles and various glands.