Tert-Butyl Chloride

The mixture was transferred to an ice bath to crystallize the product, after which the product was collected by vacuum filtration on a Hirsch funnel, washing the flask with small aliquots of cold xylene and pouring the solution over the crystals, allowing the vacuum to thoroughly dry the product. Additional drying was achieved by transferring the product to filter paper and pressing the crystals to remove any excess moisture. The product was then weighed and a melting point determined. A comparative TLC was run in Hexanes:Ethyl Acetate solvent against maleic anhydride to verify the purity of the

During the halogenation reactions of 1-butanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl-2-propanol, there is a formation of water from the OH atom of the alcohol, and the H atom from the HCl solution. The OH bond of the alcohol is then substituted with the Cl atom. Therefore all of the degrees of alcohol undergo halogenation reactions, and form alkyl halides as products. This is because the functional group of alkyl halides is a carbon-halogen bond. A common halogen is chlorine, as used in this experiment.

14 mL of 9 M H2SO4 was added to the separatory funnel and the mixture was shaken. The layers were given a small amount of time to separate. The remaining n-butyl alcohol was extracted by the H2SO4 solution therefore, there was only one organic top layer. The lower aqueous layer was drained and discarded. 14 mL of H2O was added to the separatory funnel. A stopper was placed on the separatory funnel and it was shaken while being vented occasionally. The layers separated and the lower layer which contained the n-butyl bromide was drained into a smaller beaker. The aqueous layer was then discarded after ensuring that the correct layer had been saved by completing the "water drop test" (adding a drop of water to the drained liquid and if the water dissolves, it confirms that it is an aqueous layer). The alkyl halide was then returned to the separatory funnel. 14 mL of saturated aqeous sodium bicarbonate was added a little at a time while the separatory funnel was being swirled. A stopper was placed on the funnel and it was shaken for 1 minute while being vented frequently to relieve any pressure that was being produced. The lower alkyl halide layer was drained into a dry Erlenmeyer flask and 1.0 g of anhydrous calcium chloride was added to dry the solution. A stopper was placed on the Erlenmeyer flask and the contents were swirled until the liquid was clear. For the distillation

The product was then suspended in 2 ml of water with a stir rod in a 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask and heated to boiling. Water was added in one milliliter increments until all the product was dissolved (18 ml added total). The saturated solution was allowed to slowly cool, and gradual white crystal formation was observed. Recrystallized product was collected once more by suction filtration with the Hirsch funnel once crystallization ceased. Collected product dried on a watch glass for a week, weighed 0.14 g (1.2 mmol), and the melting point was 139°-141°

Through three different experiments we were to find the quality of NaCl as a deicer. These experiments included testing the freezing point depression of NaCl in solution at two different concentrations, testing for the H of an aqueous NaCl solution, and combining NaCl with MgCl2 in an aqueous solution to test for freezing point depression. Through these various experiments we found NaCl to be the best deicer for our region due to its proficient freezing point depression and its cost efficiency.

The wet, crude product was placed into the 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Small amounts of CaCl2 were added to dry the solution. The flask was sealed and the mixture was swirled and left to settle. Once

Distillation. Transfer the clear liquid to a dry 25-mL round-bottom flask using a Pasteur pipet. Add a boiling stone and distill the crude t-pentyl chloride in a dry apparatus. Collect the pure t-pentyl chloride in a receiver cooled in ice. Collect the material that boils between 78°C and 84°C. Weigh the product and calculate the percentage yield.

There are many famous Hispanic Americans, in our world today. These first two are from Mexico. Mario Molina (1943) is a chemist who discover the danger uses of Chlorofluorocarbons. His work with Rowland helped with banning the use of CFC. All the other Hispanic Americans scientist are astronaut. Rudolfo Anaya (1937) is an author from Mexico. He was known for his novels that where published in the 1970s. He wrote many stories and books. He won a Pen-west fiction award. Comparing to other Hispanic authors he just like Castillo considered a Chicano American writer (The Hispanic American). Benicio del Toro (1996) is an actor from Puerto Rico. He was the first Hispanic American to win An Oscar, Comparing to other actors like Jose Vicente who also

In photolithography, different chemicals are used during the process, but even in small quantities these chemicals should be handled carefully. In order to clean the surface of the wafer, chemicals such as acetone can be used, but since it is flammable it should not be held near an open flame and should not be inhaled or ingested because it can cause irritation. Methanol is also used during this process but is only toxic when it is absorbed by skin and can cause skin irritation or sickness. Deionized water is used after the chemical cleaning but is not usually hazardous to human health. Chemicals such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) are used for tougher process of cleaning and is less carcinogenic than Trichloroethylene (TCE), which is carcinogenic.

For the treatment of (TCE) trichloroethane, an organic contaminant present in water, the surface of the zero valent iron nanoparticle is modified to hold a membrane made of oil-liquid . This oil-liquid membrane which is made of biodegradable oil, food-grade surfactant, and water is hydrophobic and forms an emulsion with (ZVI). This is named as emulsified zero valent iron (EZVI). as all DNAPLs (dense non-aqueous phase liquids), such as the emulsion is miscible with the contaminant, the trichloroethane are hydrophobic, allowing an increased contact between the ZVI, DNAPL,and the TCE present within the oil droplet emulsion. Whereas the ZVI in the emulsion remains reactive, the chlorinated compounds are continuously de-chlorinated within the aqueous

According to dictionary.com a teratogen is “a drug or other substance capable of interfering with the development of a fetus, causing birth defects”. Teratogens are also substances that are found in the environment which are known to cause defects in fetal development. Teratogens are one of the leading causes of death to newborns in the nation. “There are four major factors that depend on the extent of fetal defects and those are the dosage, genetic makeup of the mother and the developing fetus, fetal age, an other negative influences on pregnancy” (Berk, 2012). Some of the common teratogens include alcohol consumption, exposure to radiation, environmental pollution, tobacco and or drug use, and certain prescription and non-

NO was determined in the form of nitrate according to the method described by Tracey et al(21) . In this study, we have modified the Griess-Illosvoy reagent and used naphthyl ethylene diamine dihydrochloride (0.1% w/v) instead of 5% 1-napthylamine. 3 ml of reaction mixture contained 2ml of liver homogenates and 0.5 ml of phosphate buffer saline and incubated at 25°C for 150 min. A pink colored chromophore was appeared. We took the absorbance of these solutions at 540 nm using the corresponding blank solutions. A standard curve was used to measure NO level and results were expressed in nmol/ml.

Once cooled, the mixture was then transferred to a separatory funnel using the funnel while avoiding adding the boiling chip. 10 ml of water was then added to the mixture. The mixture was gently shaken and the phases were allowed to separate. The funnel was then unstopped and the lower aqueous phase was drained into a beaker. 5 ml of 5% aqueous NaHCO3 was added and then shaken gently. A great deal of caution was taken into consideration because of the production of carbon dioxide gas which caused pressure to develop inside the funnel. The pressure needed to be released so the funnel was vented frequently. The phases were allowed to separate and the lower aqueous phases was drained into the beaker. After draining, 5 ml of saturated NaCl was added to the funnel and then shaken gently. Once again, the phases were allowed to separate and the lower aqueous phase was drained into a beaker. An ester product was produced and was transferred into a 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask. This organic product was then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 to trap small amounts of water in its crystal lattices thus removing it from the product. Finally the ester was decanted, so that the drying agent was excluded from the final product.

As stated, our solvent in this lab will be tert-butanol. We start by recording the freezing point of this substance without anything added. Then, we add various

After all additional product ceased to form, the reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath to allow precipitation of benzopinacol. The final product was then filtered off from the solution using a Buchener funnel. Its melting point, yield and infrared spetrum was then obtained.