Testosterone And Estrogen Research Paper

Robert Sapolsky’s collection of essays “The Trouble with Testosterone” is a thorough examination of the evolutionary roots of human behavior, by discussing the biology behind it. The book contains eighteen essays that explore this issue. The Stanford neuroscientist is a great writer: he concisely explains his views in each essay and makes it funny and easy for a layman to understand and absorb. He unpacks complex scientific ideas and explains them. The essay that I found most interesting was the titular essay, which was an examination of flawed logical reasoning that biologists make when they think there is a causal relationship between testosterone and aggression. Sapolsky, in that essay, explains why that is not true. These essays did not

and fallopian tubes. Estrogen also stimulates the growth of the external female genitalia and breasts. Fat distribution in the female is also controlled by estrogen. The non-reproductive functions of estrogen include reduction of LDL (bad cholesterol) and an increase in HDL (good cholesterol). Estrogen also preserves bone strength by slowing down cells involved in bone break down. Estrogen concentrations in the body decrease post menopause which is why women suffer from osteoporosis later in life (Parl, 2000). Estrogen utilizes a positive feedback loop by increasing the production of gonadotropin releasing hormone in the hypothalamus which then increases the release of FSH and lutenizing hormone. This increase in FSH and LH prepare the uterus

Similarly the controls; untreated males and females) exhibited male and female characteristics respectively as this was somewhat intrinsic based on their genome, that is, what is contained in their genetic makeup and not dependent on the environment they were raised in. this is synonymous with the studies done with 16 males in that the majority of genetically male children behaved as male despite being raised as females. This behavior was already encoded in their DNA. However, with the 43 girls, the effect of testosterone was nil on the

Today in the athletic community, young and old, everybody is trying to trump their competitors by getting the edge over them wether its running faster, jumping higher, lifting more weight, or just simply performing better overall. However some of these athletes are after the same end goal but they are taking a different path to get there. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are becoming more and more common among younger athletes these days. There has been much talk with doctors, coaches and parents about the controversy and misconceptions about these drugs and how more athletes are taking these performance enhancing drugs and how they can have many side affects, positive and negative. The goal of this paper is to state that the negative side affects out weigh the potential benefits of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS).

Anabolic-androgenic steroid is a family of lipophilic hormone that derived from cholesterol, which includes the natural male hormone testosterone and its synthetic derivatives, such as nandrolone and androsterone (Janjic et al. 2012; Basile et al. 2013). Testosterone is the principle molecule that possesses both anabolic and androgenic properties, which semantically refers to the ability to stimulate the synthesis of complex biological molecules and the growth of masculine characteristics respectively (Quan et al. 2011). The supplement of testosterone has been used in medicine as an effective treatment of hypogonadism or severe muscle catabolism since its discovery. However, due to the poor efficacy in the form of oral medication and

Although biological factors are important to gender development, other factors are also key. For example, Dessens et al. studied 250 genetic females who were prenatally exposed to high levels of androgens but still raised female. 95% were content with their female gender, with only 5% experiencing significant gender dysphoria. This shows that other factors are important to gender development. This is one main criticism of the biological approach: it is too reductionist.

In recent years many ads have been appearing on television, online and in magazines. Prescription testosterone the wonder drug. Many people have bought into this notion that .on televisioin and in magazines have been appearing Prescription testosterone made its entrance during a time when male enhancement drugs became not so taboo, an awareness to male erectile dysfunction. It began due to doctors beginning to test for low levels of testosterone, a low libido and to increase sex drive. Of course like anything else, too much a good thing often leads to negative side effects. When men starting taking the prescription testosterone they began feeling a euphoria and what man doesn’t want to feel that? Only there are malicious

There’s 800 pounds bending that bar. Count the plates. And Ronnie’s bangin’ it out for REPS!

Estrogen is a steroid hormone which plays a crucial role in growth and maturation of both sexes. In the female reproductive system, estrogen targets tissues such as mammary glands, uterus, and ovaries. Bone formation has a significant positive relationship with estrogen from puberty to maturation and beyond (Clark et al., 1992). Post puberty estrogen is mainly synthesized and released from the ovaries in females. Through binding proteins or estrogen receptors (ER) found within the nucleus, estrogen is retained and affects specific target tissues throughout the body. Binding of estrogen to its receptor causes conformational change which in turn allows binding to chromatin and proceed with transcription of specific target genes (Murdoch

Estrogen and progesterone (progestin) are hormones used in many forms of birth control (contraception). These two hormones make up most hormonal contraceptives. Hormonal contraceptives use either:

The underproduction of testosterone in men becomes more common as they age, and this has a big impact on their overall well-being. It affects their health, self-confidence, and ability to reproduce. Because of this, it is important that they get treatment for their low testosterone levels. Read on for more information on the symptoms of low levels of testosterone and ways that they can be raised safely.

Biologically, sex is determined by chromosomes, (XX = female and XY = male). That is primarily how one is determined male or female. However, Daniela Crocetti (2013), argues that chromosomes are not the only determining factor, that instead some people can be born with an imbalance in their hormone and testosterone system, this imbalance attributes to qualities that are more commonly seen in the opposite sex. This trait is most commonly seen through transexuals. Hormonal therapy is an option for those who experience these certain types of imbalances, it focuses on the “gendered presentation of the body and behavioral components…”. As a result, the therapy tends to make one feel “like how they're supposed to feel”. However, what if one prefers

The gay mind has been a rubrics cube for many scientists for the past years. The mystery that lies behind the minds of those who like the same sex is one of the most intricate debates. The big question that is yet to be answered is if homosexuals are made or born naturally. While many believe that being a homosexual is not a biological trait, others believe that being gay is a physiological defect. Even though there are many great ideas of why people think that being gay is a choice, many people like myself, take a stand and insist that being gay is biological. Many studies of the brains indicate how the brains of straight men and women are different from those of gay men and women. Studies have also shown how testosterone lacks in the brains of gay men and how there is an overload of it in gay women. Finally, studies have shown that the influences on the social lives of homosexuals don’t have much of an impact of someone’s sexual orientation.

The female eligibility requirements established by the International Association of Athletics Federation and the International Olympic Committee are unethical and discriminatory. According to these governing boards, it is acceptable to prohibit female athletes with hyperandrogenism from competing at sanctioned events. However, according to Katrina Karkazis of the Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, these guidelines are unfounded and essentially disbar female athletes who “are (considered) “too masculine” to compete with other women” (IAAF 2011c, 1). These restrictions are sexist and discriminate against female athletes who don’t exemplify the feminine gender stereotype.

The ability to produce sperm and fertilizes the eggs of females is one of the biological factors that can be used to determine a “man”. The genetic makeup of males is designed to allow them to have stronger physical traits to protect their offspring and hunt for food for the family. Physical traits of males are influenced by their testosterone levels, which are higher than testosterone levels in females. These hormones influence the overall growth and aggregation of “man” resulting males to have a higher average height, mass, and physical ability. However, in the 21st century, there are exceptions to the traditional biological conditions of what defines a “man”, such as transsexuals or intersex. Transsexual (trans) is used to identify those