Tests Of Within-Subjects Effect Essay

For example, after drinking alcohol, men expect to feel more powerful and aggressive (Stanford University, 1999). This increases their expectancy of certain outcomes, especially in sexual situations. Thus, drinking alcohol may cause men to misinterpret a woman's behavior as a sign of her desire to have sex with him. On the other hand, when a woman consumes alcohol, it can cause her to ignore or miss a cue that an assault is possible or likely to happen (Antonia, 1991). Alcohol can also keep a woman from realizing that her friendly behavior is being misperceived as seduction. Studies have shown that intoxicated and sober men are inclined to misperceive friendliness as a sign of sexual interest, so this is a great danger to women (Stanford University, 1999). Alcohol consumption can also decrease the likelihood that a woman can successfully resist an assault, verbally or physically. Additionally, women become intoxicated faster than men. This occurs for two reasons: women generally weigh less and have less water in their bodies than men, so the alcohol is less diluted and has a greater impact on their bodies. (Stanford University, 1999). Women do not metabolize alcohol as efficiently as men, which makes them more vulnerable to the consequences of drinking.

Male participants tended to rate the female virtual characters as more attractive while female participants had the tendency to rate the female virtual characters as more dominant. An outlier for the experiment was for the attribute health, female participants considered males with tattoos as healthier while male participants considered males without tattoos to be healthier. Ultimately the results of the experiment yielded mixed results in relation to the hypothesis. Women participants rated the male characters with tattoos as healthier, supporting the handicap signal hypothesis. Despite this, male participants did not rate the female virtual characters with a tattoo as healthier, which does not support the hypothesis that tattoos are a handicap signal. The findings of this study can serve as a building block for future studies.A separate study regarding how individuals perceive women with tattoos, conducted by researchers Viren Swami and Adrian Furnham (2007), also does investigates the potential of a signaling function, but this study is specific to women. If tattoos had a high signaling function in women, then women with tattoos would be regarded as healthier and more attractive. The goal of this study was to investigate how having a tattoo could change the perception of a woman’s attractiveness, sexual fidelity, and consumption of alcohol. If tattoos lack

The red condition rated women with red shirts, and the blue condition rated women with blue shirts. The dependent variables were attractiveness judgments, sexual attraction, and behavioral intentions. The dependent variables were operationalized because behavioral intentions were observed in regards to dating and willingness to spend money on a date. The researchers used photos from www.hotnornot.com, a web site designed to generate attractiveness judgments where individuals post photos of themselves, and others rate the attractiveness of the photo. For this experiment, a photo of the women was shown, where the women’s face and shirt were visible in color. The participants were then asked to rate the women based on the three dependent variables listed above. The independent variable was manipulated using Adobe Photoshop to change the color of the women’s shirt to blue or red. The men in the red condition rated the target women as more attractive, sexually desirable, and was willing to ask the women on a date and would spend more money on the women that the men in the blue condition. The color red has this effect because of the way it is portrayed in society and on nonhuman

In this paper I discuss the creation, distribution, and results of a psychological test. The test consisted of knowledge and self-report sections, which tested the construct of “The AZA and Zoos”. According to their website, The Association of Zoos and aquariums (AZA), is an independent, non-profit organization that grants an optional accreditation to zoos, aquariums, and wildlife sanctuaries. Institutions that meet their strict standards for animal welfare and care after a series of inspections and interviews are granted a five-year accreditation. In addition to their standards for animal care, they are also invested in conservation of species, and education of the general public (AZA, 2016). The knowledge portion evaluated general knowledge of the AZA policies and procedures, while the self-report evaluated overall opinion on Zoos. An example item for the knowledge portion was item three “An AZA accreditation is not necessary to operate a zoo “. An example item for the self-report portion was item 32 “I think zoos are a positive enrichment activity for children “. The intended survey population for this survey was the general population.

Two groups, one group for academic setting and one for the relaxed setting of 10 university students will be used in this 2 by 2 design. The students will be offered a credit within one of their third year marketing courses, while ensuring they are legal drinking age to participate within this study. There will be two sets of this type of study, one for a negative drinking and driving advertisement and another for a positive drinking and driving advertisement (see appendices 1 and 2). The four different groups will be taken to the setting, where a negative or positive advertisement will be shown. Then, the students will be asked to causally consume 1 to 2 alcoholic beverages with the advertisements still in sight within the setting. The students will then be asked a few questions regarding if they decide to drink and proceed to drive home or find a safer alternative to make it home.

Example 11.12 (p. 428) studies hangover symptoms in college students (Slutske et al., 2003). The students answered questions about alcohol use and hangovers, including a count of how many out of a list of 13 possible hangover symptoms that they had experienced in the past year. For the 470 men, the mean number of symptoms was 5.3; for the 755 women, it was 5.1. The standard deviation was 3.4 for each of the two samples.

d.). In my community there are an increasing number of women who are turning to alcohol consumption for one reason or another. I am interested in knowing how this trend is negatively affecting women’s health; therefore I chose this topic to research.

When the adolescents were rating the different characteristics the results were as followed, boys rated attractiveness higher than the girls and social status wasn’t important to either group. In the vignette portion of the research, when the social status and the attractiveness were displayed on pictures, it showed that both groups found attractiveness important. Social status was only important for the boys when the mate was attractive and the girls found social status was important whether attractive or not. Lastly, as stated by Ha (2009) “self-perceived mate value moderated the relationship between attractiveness and dating desire for both boys and girls.” Also stated be Ha (2009) “adolescents who perceived themselves as having high mate value showed more dating desire if the other person was attractive compared to adolescents who perceived themselves as having a lower mate value.”

According to the authors, only four studies had previously investigated the real-world effects of human estrus outside a laboratory setting. The four studies provided some evidence that in real-world situations, men were sensitive to estrous cues. One study included in the list was conducted in 2007 by Haselton, Mortezaie, Pillsword, Bleske-Recheck, and Frederick. In that study, 30 young women were photographed twice, wearing an outfit of their choice, during estrus and during a lower-fertility or luteal cycle phase. Then they had 42 mixed-sex raters choose between both photos based on which photo did the person try to look more attractive. The results showed that 60% of the women chosen were in estrus, and it confirmed that male and female observers were

This study consisted of one-thousand and thirty-six individuals; sixty-nine percent were male and thirty-one percent were female. The study lasted throughout fifteen different weeknights and was conducted was by automatically considering anyone over the age of tenty-one, who paid for a drink from a certain bartender between a certain time bracket. A female undergraduate psychology student was employed as a bartender and used in this experiment. She was 5'6" 1/2, 115 pounds, with dark blonde hair, and no makeup. She was rated on a scale from one to seven according to her physical attractiveness by seventy-six general psychology students. Scoring a 3.45 on the scale deemed her as unattractive to most. Her along with three other bartenders walked around to take orders every Friday and

The behavioral effects of Alcohol are thought to be different among everybody. Believing no matter what age or gender the behavioral effects will be different. But in the fourth article by Mayazinski, A.D ompossenn “no group differences were observed.,,,” (p.24). With discovered research, it sees that although alcohol tolerance may vary, behavioral actions are quite similar compared to age and gender.as drinking ages very, the levels of alcohol tolerance vary. Yet the behavioral effects are still the same. Alcohol consumption also varies but still the outcome presents the same behavior, its just some outbreaks are not as intense as others. This literature review considers whether the use of alcohol has different behavioral effects on gender and the age of the drinker by responding to the following questions:

The way men dance impacts their attractiveness. In this experiment men wore reflective markers so women would not see their face. There was a simple drum beat provided for the men to dance to. The men were not told how to dance. The women concluded that men moving their heads and their trunk was the most attractive. The least attractive movement was head banging. The way the men had moved made women decide if they were attractive or not.

     …some men and women use drinking games as a format for demonstrating      interest in a potential romantic partner. Both men and women reported relatively      high frequencies of having been told that someone else was trying to get them      drunk during a game in order to have sex. In many drinking games, players can      identify another player and make that player drink. That targeting of another      person by making them drink may sometimes not be intended to incapacitate that      person, but merely be a (perhaps dangerous) way of getting someone's attention.      (304)

A year later, Beall and Tracy (2014) returned to this topic to include climate context in their assessment of the relation between female fertility and the color red. The researchers replicated their original 2013 study, this time controlling for the confound of weather. Again, Beall and Tracy (2014) referred to prior research which indicated that women are adaptively motivated to appear more attractive when they are at peak fertility, and that the color red is an attractive color between heterosexual

The Halo Effect is the cognitive bias that generalizes that if an individual has one outstanding favorable character trait, the rest of that individual’s trait will be favorable. Specific to physical attractiveness, this is known as the “Attractiveness Halo.” Attractiveness plays an important role in determining social interactions. In fact, the physical attractiveness of an individual is a vital social cue utilized by others to evaluate other aspects of that individual’s abilities (Kenealy, Frude, & Shaw, 2001). Because of the attractiveness halo, attractive applicants trying to enter the workforce tend to