Tetanus And The Diseases History, Symptoms, Epidemiology, Treatment, And Prevention

Some strains of the bacterium Corynebacterium produce a toxin, and it is the toxin that causes the most serious complications of Diphtheria. (www.medicalnewstoday.com) To determine the degree of reactions to diphtheria toxoid, studies were carried out on approximately 300 men each. (history.amedd.army.mil pg.170) Diphtheria is often associated with a sore throat, fever, and the development of an adherent membrane on the tonsils and/or nasopharynx. (medicinenet.com) This is a disease that most people are familiar with. Some famous people who are golden in our history had family who died from Diphtheria such as Eleanor Roosevelt’s mother who died of the infectious disease in 1892.

Tetanus is a very serious disease and is frequently called lockjaw (National Coalition for Adult Immunization). It was first discovered by a Japanese researcher, Kitasato, in 1889(Family health and family guide). This disease effects the nervous system and is caused by bacteria. It is contracted through a cut or wound that becomes infected. This bacteria is called Clostridium tatani (The doctors from medicine net .com). This bacteria is found all over the world in things such as soil, dust, and manure or the intestines of human beings (National Coalition for Adult Immunization). Tetanus is most common in warm climates and in highly cultivated rural areas ( Wyngaarden, James 1390). The bacteria can get in through even a

Toxic Shock Syndrome, also known simply as TSS, is a life threatening illness caused by a bacterium called Staphylococcus aureus. TSS was first discovered in children in 1978 (Venkataraman, 2015). After the 1978 discovery, the disease itself was nationally recognized in 1980 when it was seen as a health threat amongst reproductive women. After this epidemic the number of reports of TSS decreased sharply (Hajjeh, 2010). Staphylococcus aureus can be identified as bacteria that, often times will go unnoticed as it usually does not cause any harm. Around 30% of the world?s population carries this bacterium in their noses.

occurs as a response to injuries and introduction of foreign environment into the body of

Tetanus is a disease affecting the nervous system of the human body. The first inactive tetanus vaccine (also known as Tetanus Toxoid) began production in 1924, 15 years before World War II, which officially began in 1939. However, widespread use of the vaccine did not begin until World War II was in progress. (CDC, 2011). The tetanus vaccine became required to reduce cases of tetanus in war zones where exposure to C. tetani is common.

The bacterium that causes this disease is the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which is a spore-forming, gram-positive bacillus that is found in higher concentrations in animal manure and soil (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). The most common things that this disease is transmitted through are rusty and dirty nails, knives, tools, animal bites, and wooden splinters (Mayo Clinic). When the bacteria enters an open wound, tiny spores of the bacteria can create a powerful toxin that is called tetanospasmin, which damages your motor neurons; nerves that control your muscles. The result of this toxin existing in your motor neurons can cause muscle stiffness and spasms, which both happen to be two major signs of having the tetanus disease (Mayo Clinic). Women have a higher risk at getting the infection when they are giving birth or having an abortion if the tool that is being used happens to be contaminated. When a baby is born, it is at a higher risk if the tool is dirty that is being used to cut the umbilical cord (World Health

“Some complications that may result from tetanus include, Airway obstruction, Respiratory arrest, heart failure, and Pneumonia” (Medlineplus tetanus). People can also get lockjaw, which is stiffness of the jaw, which results in a serious effect to the body. If tetanus gets in the body, it can result in damage to the brain, because of the lack of oxygen getting to the brain. Back muscle spasms, are also common, and they can lead arching of the back, and fractures. Also swallowing difficulty and excessive sweating may result from this. Contraction of the facial muscles also occurs, if tetanus gets in the body, which means the face is not formed correctly (Massachusetts General

If it were not for vaccines, we would see increased cases for tetanus, influenza and botulism among other diseases. The success of the tetanus vaccine in the army allowed for the success of the vaccine in the general populace. Troops were administered the tetanus vaccine at the beginning of the war. Due to its success, the government implemented vaccine programs across the country. During the 1920’s and 1930’s between 26 and 55 people died from tetanus every year. After vaccine programs started in the 1940’s, rates rapidly declined. Between 2000 and 2013, there were only 42 reported cases of tetanus in Canada. More than half of those cases were in individuals over 60, where they might not have gotten a booster shot, and no cases occurred in babies, which is the age when inoculation begins. When war broke out for the second time, the fear of another influenza outbreak was at the forefront of people’s minds. Due to this, The US government put together vaccine development groups. These groups created America’s first flu vaccine and the FDA approved it in less than two years. Scientists later discovered that they needed to modify the vaccine every year to match the strains of the virus that were circulating at that time and the modifications are still done every year. The aforementioned vaccine development programs created other vaccines for military use. The Allies created the botulinum toxoid because they got false intelligence that the Axis powers had weaponized a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. The toxin is extremely potent and injecting two billionths of a gram, of its most powerful strain could kill a full-grown adult. During the war, Canada produced over 25,000 doses of the toxoid while the United States produced over 1 million units. Natural occurring botulinum outbreaks are rare, but governments have always feared the use of the toxin as a biological weapon. In 1991, Iraq claimed

With the passing of the time-period, the health authorities have continued the programs with various modifications such as the switch from the (DTPw) diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis vaccine to (DTPa) diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine in 1999 (Pillsbury, Quinn & McIntyre, 2016). In 2000, the health authorities implemented the change in the number and the amount of the dosage. In 2005, the authorities yet modified the program with the addition of the (dTpa) adolescent booster reduced antigen content diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (Pillsbury, Quinn & McIntyre, 2016).

Dieses like Tetanus are one of the challenges that sheep and goat producers have. This disease is usually related to docking and castrating by elastrator bands, though any wound can harbor the tetanus organism. Treatment consists of the tetanus anti-serum and antibiotics. It is usually unrewarding. Tetanus can be prevented by vaccinating pregnant ewes 30 days before lambing. If pregnant ewes were not vaccinated for tetanus, the tetanus anti-toxin can be administered to lambs at the time of docking and/or castrating. The tetanus anti-toxin provides immediate short-term immunity and can be used at the time of docking and castrating to prevent disease outbreaks. Footrot is one of the most economically devastating diseases in the sheep industry.

The neuron firing and muscular control are related to the tetanus disease by affecting the central nervous system and by causing a painful and violent muscular contractions. A tetanus disease is mainly an acute, but often a fatal disease within the nervous system. This is also a disease that is caused by nerve toxins that are produced by a bacterium. The muscles spasms that are caused by the tetanus disease can progress and involves the entire body with sets of continuous muscle contractions. Along with the tetanus progressing the muscles tighten up.

I have heard stories from another Clostridium tetani about our host getting rid of bacteria like me but I just thought that they were myths told to scare all of the other nonmature Clostridium tetani. I have noticed that the cells that are still alive around me have started to reproduce more and more, which making me think that my neurotoxin is no longer working. Now I am really scared this is how the stories always started out, first you would encounter a tetanus antitoxin. The tetanus antitoxin would neutralize my neurotoxin, which means that I can only affect those motor nerve cells that have already been affected. This antitoxin neutralizes any and all of my neurotoxin tetanospasmin but it does not affect the cells that I have already conquered.

The bacteria that causes the Tetanus disease, Clostridium Tetani has been discovered in soil, dust and animal feces. Spores of the bacteria usually enter the body through a split in the skin or a puncture wound from a contaminated object and produce a powerful

The vaccine is used for people that are at risk for exposure to the                anthrax spores.

Tetanus is a life-threatening but preventable disease that is characterized by an acute onset of painful muscular contractions (usually in a descending pattern, starting with trismus or lockjaw) and generalized rigidity.1 It is caused by the toxin of Clostridium tetani, a spore-forming bacterium. The spores can be found in soil, dust, and in human and animal feces, entering the body through breaks in the skin and germinating under low-oxygen conditions .1,2 The most successful intervention against tetanus in history is its prevention by means of an effective vaccine which has led to a dramatic fall in the incidence of tetanus.3