Tetanus Is An Infection Caused By Clostridium Tetani Bacteria

Tetanus is a very serious disease and is frequently called lockjaw (National Coalition for Adult Immunization). It was first discovered by a Japanese researcher, Kitasato, in 1889(Family health and family guide). This disease effects the nervous system and is caused by bacteria. It is contracted through a cut or wound that becomes infected. This bacteria is called Clostridium tatani (The doctors from medicine net .com). This bacteria is found all over the world in things such as soil, dust, and manure or the intestines of human beings (National Coalition for Adult Immunization). Tetanus is most common in warm climates and in highly cultivated rural areas ( Wyngaarden, James 1390). The bacteria can get in through even a

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a spherical bacteria which is known to produce a cytotoxin called Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PLV) which destroys leukocytes, and kills tissue (Lina et al., 1999). Five percent of strains of Staphylococcus are known to produce the disease-causing toxin (Lina et al., 1999), but though the amount of PLV-producing strains is somewhat small, the strains which produce PLV are apparently resistant to vancomycin, an antibiotic commonly used to treat staph infections (CDC, 2002). The first recorded case of S. aureus resistance to vancomycin was a reduction in sensitivity to the antibiotic observed in Japan, and has since spread to the United States (CDC, 2002). The most common source of infection of these drug-resistant bacteria are actually in hospitals, wherein the patients are exposed to the bacteria and subsequently infected (CDC, 2002).

Canning at home has become one of the more popular at home activities in the U.S, people get the experience of making their own jams and jellies while paying less than they would for buying these products already made, canned, and readied for purchase in stores. Although at home canning is popular it does come with a high risk, Botulism.

This is because they have so much more farmland over there, so there is more room for the spore to naturally occur and the animals to pick it up and pass it to the humans. In northern Europe, however, there have been reported cases of injection anthrax. Injection anthrax is when a person injects heroin into their bodies with unclean needles. But, lucky for us, there have been no cases of injection anthrax in the

Tetanus is a rare pathogen, the reason it is so rare is because the body receives a shot for Tetanus and two other pathogens every ten years. The body is still not protected even if the body is given the shot since the pathogen still holds the power to enter the open wound. If Tetanus happens to infect the body the body will have to get another shot if it has not in the last five years. Lockjaw is another name given to Tetanus because Tetanus is a bacteria that impacts the nervous system

Toxic Shock Syndrome, or TSS is a life threatening illness caused by a bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus . TSS was first discovered in children in 1978. (Venkataraman, 2015) After the 1978 discovery, the disease itself was nationally recognized in 1980 when it was seen as a health threat amongst reproductive women, after this epidemic the number of reports of TSS decreased sharply. (Hajjeh, 2010) S. aureus can be identified as bacteria that, often times will go unnoticed as it usually does not cause any harm. Around 30% of the world?s population carries this bacterium in their noses. Although the bacteria are commonly regarded as harmless, in a healthcare environment it can lead to many serious infections. An S. aureus infection,

TRANSMISSION: Tetanus is a disease, however it is not contagious, as you cannot catch it from someone else. The normal manner of infection is from a deep wound, such as when someone steps on a nail, but even being pricked by a plant thorn could be enough for the disease to occur. The essential requirement is that the wound is deep enough to provide anaerobic conditions in dead tissue. If any traces of spores of C. tetani are able to enter the wound, they may germinate and the bacteria will grow, as they feed on the dead cells within the wound. If this occurs, the bacterium produces an “exotoxin” which happens to be one of the most potent nerve poisons ever discovered.

The genus name refers to a spindle, and the species name means tension which is appropriate since Clostridium tetani causes Lockjaw. The taxonomic information is: Domain Bacteria, Phylum Firmicutes, Class Clostridia, Order Clostridiales, Family Clostridiaceae, Genus Clostridium, Species tetani.

Clostridium tetani is a motile, bacterium with a drumstick racket appearance. This bacillus is pleomorphic, gram-positive, short or long, single or pair occurring spores. They are anaerobic and very resistant to heat and ordinary chemical agents like antiseptics.

With many diseases around the world it is amazing how us as humans survive day to day. Bacteria is everywhere you look and you have millions of them living inside you, not all of which are harmful. Its the ones that do harm you that we should be considered with that can lead to death or diseases. A specific fatal bacterial disease that has caused many people harm is Tetanus. Tetanus consist of a bacteria called clostridium tetani which invades the nervous system causing muscle spasms and severe pain sometimes leading to death. Many times the bacteria causes muscle spasms most often in the jaw causing the muscles to commonly known as “Lockjaw”. The bacteria gets inside the host cell and produces harmful toxins. According to the centers for disease control 10 to 20% of people affected by tetanus result in death (Atkinson,2009). This paper will go more in depth into tetanus and the diseases history, symptoms,epidemiology, treatment and possible vaccinations.

A disease caused by the toxin produced by Clostridium tetanus is known as Tetanus. Tetanus is a rare disease in the United States that is contracted through an opening of the body. Currently there is no treatment available to combat the infection. Per the JABFM Journal Of The American Board Of Family Medicine, published on May 1, 2001, Volume 14, no. 3, pages 223- 224 a case study was conducted investigating the tetanus disease. The title of the article is Tetanus: A Case Study by Peter J. Raia. MS, MD. The purpose of this project is to examine the research and determine a conclusion based on the information provided.

Inoculation may be from cutaneous or mucosal lesions on the animal, especially when the skin barrier is compromised secondary to bites, scratches, or trauma. Transmission can also occur from animal reservoirs from Western Africa (prairie dogs, rabbits, rats, mice, squirrels, dormice, monkeys, porcupines, gazelles). Additionally, direct cutaneous (skin-to-skin) or respiratory contact with an animal or person who is infected can transmit the

Tetanus or Tetanus Toxemia, is something that almost all mammals are susceptible to. It is caused by a specific toxin that is produced in Clostridium tentai in necrotic tissue. Of all animals, though, horses sheep, and goat seem to be the most intolerant. Tetanus is usually introduced into the body through a wound, mainly deep puncture, but in some cases like lambs; it can occur through the acts of docking or castration. It cannot grow in regular tissue if the normal oxidation -reduction potential is irregular. The process, as described by the Merck Veterinary Manual, “The bacteria remain localized in the necrotic tissue at the original site of infection and multiply. As bacterial cells undergo autolysis, the potent neurotoxin is released. The neurotoxin is a zinc-binding protease that cleaves synaptobrevin, a vesicle-associated membrane protein. Usually, toxin is absorbed by the motor nerves in the area and travels retrograde up the nerve tract to the spinal cord, where it causes ascending tetanus.”

The disease that is caused by T. gondii is formally known as Toxoplasmosis. It has the ability to affect any warm-blooded vertebrate animal, but it’s relatively common in humans. It is one of the most common diseases seen in developed countries, affecting about 200,000 humans per year. The disease can be contracted by humans through eating meat infected with tissue cysts or exposure to the litter of infected cats. Women who are pregnant are often advised to refrain from changing the litter of their house cats, because infection of a mother can possibly lead to a condition known as congenital toxoplasmosis within the unborn child. The weakened and undeveloped state of the fetus’ immune system poses a serious health risk, assuming the fetus survives the rest of its term in-utero.

Infection with Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin -1 (TSST-1) and Enterotoxin A and B producing - Staphylococcus aureus in a child who lacks serum antibodies to those toxins leads to development of Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome. Exposure to these toxins induces massive release of cytokines and tumor necrosis factor that lead to the clinical signs and symptoms of toxic shock syndrome that are divided into major and minor criteria. Major criteria include high fever (>102° F), rash, and hypotension (orthostatic or < 5th percentile for age). Minor criteria consists of dysfunction in a major organ system such as GI (vomiting/diarrhea), muscles (elevated CPK or myalgia), renal (elevated BUN/creatinine), hepatic (elevated total bilirubin or transaminases), hematologic (low platelets), and CNS (altered mental status with no focal neurological signs). Mucous membrane hyperemia is also a minor criterion. A diagnosis of STSS is established when staphylococcus is determined to be the cause of toxic shock and the patient meets all three major criteria. A patient with three or more of the minor criteria has confirmed STSS. A patient with less than three minor criteria has probable