Tetrabromobisphenol A

Inorganic and organic compounds are both necessary for the human body. The definition of an inorganic compound is a compound that does not contain hydrocarbon groups. An inorganic compound is composed of several other elements, such as salts, metals, and other elemental compounds, but can contain hydrogen or carbon. If they have both, carbon and hydrogen molecules, they are organic. Organic compounds are defined as compounds containing hydrocarbon groups. Organic compounds will include things like the nucleic acids, found in DNA, lipids and fatty acids found in the cells of living organisms, proteins and enzymes that are necessary for cellular processes to take place, and more. There are numerous effects to the body if there are disturbances

Bisphenol A (BPA) has been commercially used since 1957, and has been employed to make certain plastics and epoxy resins. Bisphenol A has been made into a variety of common consumer goods, such as water bottles, CDs and DVDs. While in epoxy resins that contain Bisphenol A are used to line water pipes, coatings on the inside of beverage cans, and in thermal paper such as sales receipts. A research conducted by the Environmental Health Perspective has said that from the years 1992-1999 Bisphenol A has rose in human urine. In which has been resulted by the Environmental Health Perspective that the cause of rise of Bisphenol A in human consummation is the use of consumer goods such as the lining of beverage drinks, and certain water bottles (Environmental Health Perspective study WEB 2). Also with the rise of littering in the world such products are being thrown into lakes, ponds, and the oceans which is resulting in contamination. Which is greatly affecting the marine life, environment, and human life. So ultimately this experiment is being conducted to display the harmful physical effects of Bisphenol A on marine life, and if it can be later translated

12. costen, P. (1997). Not Science Support from chlorine and dioxin combating trial design materials.

-Milk contains certain vitamins essential for the body to be able to properly function. Some of these vitamins include Vitamin B1, which helps promote a better appetite but also a better digestion for the body. Another important vitamin that is needed for the body is Vitamin C, which helps in the aid of healing of wounds and injuries to prevent any diseases.

Design an experiment to test whether compound X can function as an inhibitor of bromelain. Be sure to identify any controls that must be included as well as your independent variable.

According to the Handbook of Clinical Psychopharmacology for Therapists, “bipolar disorders are mood disorders characterized by the essential diagnostic feature of mania or hypomania – these disorders follow cyclic patterns of moods, behavior, and thought alterations, alternating between mania or hypomania and depression” (p. 100). In the experiment of The efficacy of flupenthixol decanoate in bipolar disorder patients who have no sufficient remission with existing treatments, experimenters are making an attempt to evaluate the effect of flupenthixol decanoate in remitted bipolar disorder patients. Flupenthixol decanoate (also known as Fluanxol Depot) is a neuroleptic agent that is administered as an injection of 20 mg/mL into the gluteal

Theoretically, when synthesising butyl ethanoate from butanol and ethanoic acid, the reaction should produce a 100% yield with the reaction running to completion and all of the reactants being converted to products. His however is not the case with this equilibrium reaction. As seen in the calculations, the actual yield of ester obtained from this procedure was 56.83%, a 43.17% difference from the desired product yield. This poor yield is partially the by-product of reaching equilibrium. Once the reaction mixture reaches this dynamic state, the concentrations of both the ethanoic acid and butanol reactants and butyl ethanoate product will remain constant as the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the back reaction. This means that only a limited percentage of ester can be obtained.

This was concluded by combining information on melting points and TLC; melting range narrowed when filtered product was mixed with the standard product. Also, the Rf value of the pure product is closely related to the Rf value of the standard. TLC of filtrate showed no movement of the substance in the mixture under 9:1 ratio declaring the substance to be extremely polar. Of the three potential unknown reactants, 4-methoxyphenol would be the most polar and therefore would travel least up the TLC plate. (Q14:Yield) 81.2% product yield was collected. “Matter cannot be created nor destroyed”, therefore some product could have filtered through. TLC of filtrate confirmed remnants of product present. Filtering the filtrate could have increased the yield. (Q15:Recovery) The percent recovery of the product makes sense because it is the mass of the crystallized product divided by the crude product: 94.9%. The percentage reflects the mass of pure product (without the presence of impurities). (Q16:MP) Melting point coincides with the unknown nucleophile being 4-methoxyphenol because when the standard product was combined with our pure product, the melting range narrowed. When compared to the melting ranges obtained when mixed with the other two possible products the melting ranges significantly decreased and widened. This is often an indication of impurities being present, but because this was a

Samples of benzophenone, malonic acid, and biphenyl were each tested with water, methyl alcohol, and hexane. Benzophenone was insoluble in water as it is nonpolar while water is highly polar. Benzophenone was soluble in methyl alcohol, dissolving in 15 seconds, because methyl alcohol is intermediately polar as benzophenone is nonpolar. Methyl alcohol is polar but not as much as water. Thus, the nonpolar benzophenone was soluble in methyl alcohol. Benzophenone was partially soluble in hexane because hexane is nonpolar as is benzophenone. Thus, benzophenone was dissolved in hexane. Malonic acid was soluble in water because both malonic acid and water are polar. It took 25 seconds for malonic acid to dissolve in water. Malonic acid was soluble in methyl alcohol because malonic acid is polar and methyl alcohol is intermediately polar, allowing malonic acid to dissolve in the methanol in 15 seconds. Malonic acid was insoluble in hexane because hexane is nonpolar while malonic acid is polar. Biphenyl was insoluble in water as water is highly polar whilst biphenyl is nonpolar. Biphenyl was partially soluble in methanol which is intermediately polar whilst biphenyl is nonpolar, allowing it to dissolve a little. Biphenyl was soluble in hexane because both biphenyl and hexane are nonpolar molecules. Biphenyl dissolved in hexane in 10 seconds.

The last reaction that was performed was bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2). The rate is focused on the substrate and nucleophile. In an SN2 reaction, the nucleophile attacks from the backside which causes the leaving group to leave. Mostly a strong nucleophile and polar aprotic solvent drive an SN2 reaction. Figure 5 and 6 demonstrates the reaction scheme and the mechanism of an SN2 reaction of 1-Bromobutane.

In the extraction of certain compounds, solubility plays an important factor in how the procedure is performed. The identification of which solvent is best for the substance is crucial. The relation of polarity between the solute and solvent is determined at a molecular level. The relationship between the solvent and solute needed shared similar characteristics. Polar solutes are dissolved in polar solvents while nonpolar solutes are dissolved in nonpolar solvents. From a chemical level, molecules are attracted to other similar molecules closest to their properties. Polar molecules are only attracted to polar molecules in both the solute and the solvent, and the same goes for nonpolar molecules. This explanation

2C-B or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine is a psychedelic drug of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shuling in 1974. In Shulgin 's book PiHKAL, the dosage range is listed as 12–24 mg. 2C-B is sold as a white powder sometimes pressed in tablets or gel caps and is referred to on the street by a number of slang names. 2C-B usually is taken orally, but can also be vaporized. The psychiatric community was the first community that saw this synthetic drug. 2C-B was used in the psychiatric community as an aid to therapy. It was considered one of the best drugs for this purpose because of its short duration, it’s great absence of side effects, and comparably mild nature. Once 2C-B had become popular in the medical community, it was found being popular recreationally. 2C-B was first sold commercially as an aphrodisiac under the trade name "Eros", which was manufactured by the German pharmaceutical company. Aphrodisiac being a food, drink, drug of some sort that stimulates sexual desire. Internationally, 2C-B is a Schedule ll under the Convention Psychotropic Substance or better known as a drug that has a high potential for being abused. The great thing about this research is the Unites States was the first to declare this drug as being illegal back in 1995. At one point in time 2C-B was popular in the United States and was legal. It was known as ecstasy back in 1985 when it also became an illegal drug in the United States. In Columbia, 2C-B

Reinhold, D., Vishwanathan, S., Park, JJ., Oh, D., Saunders, FM. 2010. Assessment of plant-driven removal of emerging organic pollutants by duckweed. Chemosphere [Internet]. [Cited 2015 Nov 15] 80(7) Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006363

Glycerol was partially deprotonated with the P+CH3O- by distilling off methanol under vacuum at 70 °C for 1 h in a sealed glass vessel (50 mL), and dried overnight at 110 °C). Stoichiometric PO was pushed into a vessel set in a pre-heated oil-bath for polymerization, cooled to room temperature, and the residual monomer was removed by evaporation when the polymerizations were finished. Excess methanol and cation exchange resin (Amberlite IR-120) were added to the crude products and stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. Purified PPOs were obtained after filtration and removal of methanol, and characterized by NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography

After synthesizing tert-butyl chloride, the melting point on the compound was found to be 47˚C. According to literature, tert¬-butyl chloride has a melting point of 51˚C, apart from a little bit of deviation, this shows that the correct compound was created. The percent yield obtained for the synthesis of tert-butyl chloride was 47.42%. This could have been due to errors that occurred in the lab. When moving the solution from one test tube or graduated cylinder to another some of the solution may still be left in the tube which lowers the percent yield. Also when working with a simple distillation setup, the vial is not distilled to dryness therefore some of the solution is not collected. Some of the solution can also be trapped on the side