Tetrabromobisphenol A

The isosbestic point of the acid (pH6) and basic forms (pH10) of para Nitrophenol (PNP) was expected at 350nm. As you can see in figure 2, the graph shows the intersection of 2 curves at ~350nm, which is matched with the literature value. Also, the pKa of PNP was expected 7.15 at room temperature. Refer to figure 3, the pKa is estimated to be 7.15-7.2, which very close to the literature value. In addition, the lab was succeeded in illustrating the use of a spectrophotometry to analyze concentrations of chemical substance. The absorbances of 2 unknowns were felt on the standard curve as the expectation (refer to table 4). The minimum absorbance of the known standards was 0.193 and the maximum is 1.830. The absorbance of the unknown

-Milk contains certain vitamins essential for the body to be able to properly function. Some of these vitamins include Vitamin B1, which helps promote a better appetite but also a better digestion for the body. Another important vitamin that is needed for the body is Vitamin C, which helps in the aid of healing of wounds and injuries to prevent any diseases.

2C-B or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine is a psychedelic drug of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shuling in 1974. In Shulgin 's book PiHKAL, the dosage range is listed as 12–24 mg. 2C-B is sold as a white powder sometimes pressed in tablets or gel caps and is referred to on the street by a number of slang names. 2C-B usually is taken orally, but can also be vaporized. The psychiatric community was the first community that saw this synthetic drug. 2C-B was used in the psychiatric community as an aid to therapy. It was considered one of the best drugs for this purpose because of its short duration, it’s great absence of side effects, and comparably mild nature. Once 2C-B had become popular in the medical community, it was found being popular recreationally. 2C-B was first sold commercially as an aphrodisiac under the trade name "Eros", which was manufactured by the German pharmaceutical company. Aphrodisiac being a food, drink, drug of some sort that stimulates sexual desire. Internationally, 2C-B is a Schedule ll under the Convention Psychotropic Substance or better known as a drug that has a high potential for being abused. The great thing about this research is the Unites States was the first to declare this drug as being illegal back in 1995. At one point in time 2C-B was popular in the United States and was legal. It was known as ecstasy back in 1985 when it also became an illegal drug in the United States. In Columbia, 2C-B

In his article, “Why the FDA Hasn’t Banned Potentially Toxic BPA (Yet),” Bryan Walsh seeks to explain the reasons why the FDA hasn’t banned a possibly dangerous chemical from consumers products. Biomonitoring makes looking for microscopic-level doses of chemicals in the body possible. One of them, Bisphenol-A, or BPA for short, is used to harden polycarbonate plastics and manufacture epoxy resin, which are found in everyday products. BPA poses a threat to human health since it disturbs the endocrine systems in our body; which can lead to cancer, heart disease, and other life-threatening diseases. However, the FDA refuses to ban the chemical due to studies having a lack of research done on actual humans, but the NRDC argues that it is hard for

Brominated vegetable oil is a common substance found in many citrus soda drinks such as Mountain Dew, Powerade, Fanta orange, Squirt, and Sunkist. BVO, short for brominated vegetable oil, is used to prevent the citrus flavoring from separating from the rest of the soda. Though it is found in almost 10 percent of american soft drinks it can have bad affects on the human body. The bromine in this oil can build up in the body and can cause reduced fertility, birth defects, skin rashes, severe acne, and even psychotic symptoms. Most people who drink these sodas are unaware of the effects it may have on their body and may not even find out before it’s too late.

Phenobarbital activates inhibitory GABA receptors and inhibits excitatory glytamate receptors. This class of drug is considered a CNS depressant and at high doses can cause respiratory depression by suppressing the hypoxic drive to breathe. The oral LD50 for phenobarbital is 150 mg/kg in the dog. Clinical signs of toxicity include ataxia, recumbency, bradycardia or tachycardia, depression, coma, and even death. Differential diagnoses for CNS and respiratory depression include benzodiazepines, antiparasiticides (e.g., ivermectin), encephalopathies, ethanol, ethylene glycol, opioids, and hypoglycemia.7 For a recent ingestion it would be recommended to induce emesis if the patient is able to do so safely without aspiration. In cases where inducing emesis is not possible, gastric lavage should be performed followed by multi-dose administration of activated charcoal and a cathartic.

15-acetoxy Scirpenol is a trichothecene mycotoxin which is produced predominantly by members of the Fusarium genus [1]. 15-acetoxy Scirpenol could induce apoptotic cell death in human Jurkat T cells. Mycotoxins of scirpenol belong to the trichothecene family which is mainly produced by the fungal species of the genus Fusarium. Acetoxylated scirpenol has very high toxicities in animals and humans. 15-acetoxy Scirpenol exhibited cytotoxicity at a lower concentration (25 ng/ml). The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 15-acetoxy Scirpenol was 16.1 ng/ml [2]. In the Jurkat T cells treated with 50 ng/ml of15-MAS, the populations of externalized PS-positive and PI-negative cells were 32.0% [2].

After synthesizing tert-butyl chloride, the melting point on the compound was found to be 47˚C. According to literature, tert¬-butyl chloride has a melting point of 51˚C, apart from a little bit of deviation, this shows that the correct compound was created. The percent yield obtained for the synthesis of tert-butyl chloride was 47.42%. This could have been due to errors that occurred in the lab. When moving the solution from one test tube or graduated cylinder to another some of the solution may still be left in the tube which lowers the percent yield. Also when working with a simple distillation setup, the vial is not distilled to dryness therefore some of the solution is not collected. Some of the solution can also be trapped on the side

Due to their radioactivity, antimony-124 and antimony-125 are used as tracers. For example, antimony-124 is used in oil pipelines, where its movement can be traced. This is particularly useful as it can help to identify leaks, if the tracer moves out from the pipe (Chemistry explained, n.d.).

Optimal CA conditions can potentially double storage life, however there is a risk of developing off odors if the oxygen levels fall below 1% [Forney et al. 1991]. These off odors are generated by sulfur-containing volatiles, so high rates of air exchange are recommended in shipping containers to avoid them.

Beta2-adrenergic agonist (βAA) drugs including clenbuterol (CB), salbutamol (SB), and terbutaline (TB) causes a βAA effect and can be illegally used by athletes to increase their performance. For this reason, WADA regulates (SB, TB) and even prohibits (CB) consumption to control their abuse. In this regard, Lorenzo et al. investigate the adsorption of βAA drugs (CB, SB and TB) on noble metal surface with the aim of establishing of SERS as an alternative antidoping test method. Their results indicates that the Au substrates and also acidic pH are optimal conditions for accurate and effective detection of these drugs. Beside, their corresponding LOD is calculated based on Langmuir adsorption and given in table 3.

The prediction of the rate limiting step for a sorption process is an important factor. The process consists of four consecutive steps: transport of the solute from the bulk solution through a liquid film to the exterior surface of the adsorbent (film diffusion), binding of adsorbate molecules to the active sites of the surface of the sorbent, transport of the solute within the pores of the sorbent (intra-particle diffusion) and binding of the solute molecules on the active sites distributed within the sorbent’s particles. Generally, the steps involving binding are rapid and can be neglected when evaluating the rate-determining step of the sorption process.(Kumar &Gaur 2011) The Morris-Weber model (Weber &Morris 1963) is widely used to identify the mechanism involved and to distinguish between film or intra-particle diffusion. It is described by Eq. (7):

Adsorption is one of the preferred techniques in recent years to remove the color and inorganics from waste water. Activated carbon derived from the agricultural byproduct, acts as an effective adsorbent for the removal of dyes from waste water. The removal of dyes and metal ions at different, contact time, bed height, flow rate, initial dye concentration, column diameter, adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature by different agriculture based adsorbent has been studied. The result shows that among the compared adsorbents, moringa oleifera derived adsorbent is effective for waste treatment. The adsorption data were well fitted by Freundlich-isotherm model. Kinetic data were best described by pseudo-second order model.

Continuous growth in population of the world has led to rapid increase in demand and competition for water. Also, Canada is one of the highest water users per capita in the world(Government of Canada). Therefore, removal of contaminates from water that threat the quality and integrity of water resources is an important issue and demands vast researches to be conducted in this field.

The cost effectiveness, availability and adsorptive properties are the main criteria in selection of an adsorbent to remove