Tetrachloroethylene: Dry Cleaning Clothing

BRENDA WELLS, Administrator of the Estate of DANNY J. WELLS, deceased, Plaintiff-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, v. VINCENNES UNIVERSITY, BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF VINCENNES UNIVERSITY and SCOTT K. FONCANNON, Special Administrator of the Estate of JAMES JERNIGAN, deceased, Defendants-Appellees, Cross-Appellants. PRIOR HISTORY: Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois, Benton Division. No. 89 C 4265. James L. Foreman, Senior District Judge. The US Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit has jurisdiction over Illinois, Indiana and Wisconsin. OVERVIEW: The widow's husband died on October 3, 1987, while taking a ride in a plane that

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a solvent used in manufacturing that was regularly discarded in poor poverty-stricken areas of South Tucson during the 1950s. Tucsonans who lived in these areas ended up with higher rates of various cancers as direct a result of this pollution. The EPA established a large Southside area of Tucson on its Superfund cleanup list back in 1983. Cleanup of the contaminated areas cost roughly 35 million. ("Trichloroethylene (TCE) Pollution in Tucson Water", 2016) Cancer is a very large concern when it comes to environmental pollutants. Sadly the residents of South Tucson are very poor compared to the residents up north. Just like the impoverished areas of Harlem NY had most of the sewage cleanup plants erected, it is usually

A critical area of concern for gynecologists, obstetricians, and other reproductive health officials is how to reduce the exposure to toxic environmental agents to both the mother and developing fetus. Exposure to these chemicals is ubiquitious and the long lasting effects on the reproductive health throughout an individuals life span, which is evident when exposure occurs prior to conception and during fetal gestation. Patient exposure to manufacture and use of industrial chemicals is a critical concern, since there is constant introduction of new chemicals each year and more than 84,000 chemical substances are current listed by the Environmental Protection Agency. Unlike pharmaceuticals, environmental chemicals do

From 1947 to 1977, these two plants legally discharged from 500,000 to 1.5 million pounds of PCBs into the Hudson, and unknowingly saturated the bedrock beneath both sites with at least that much again. There are PCBs in Hudson River water, biota, and sediment from Hudson Falls to New York City - 200 miles that comprise the nations largest Superfund site. Pure PCBs are oozing out of the bedrock to this day, constantly recontaminating the river and over 300,000 pounds remain concentrated in bottom sediments of the river today. The spread of PCBs throughout the Hudson River and the food chain, which it supports, has created one of the most extensive hazardous waste problems in the nation. Polychlorinated biphenyl’s (PCBs) are a group of synthetic oil-like chemicals (therefore insoluble in water) of the organochlorine family. Until their toxic nature was recognized and their use was banned in the 1970s, they were widely used as insulation in electrical equipment, particularly transformers. Reputable chemists have since concluded, “it was probably a mistake ever to make or use PCBs.” These are serious poisons, which have been shown to cause damage to the reproductive, neurological and immune systems of wildlife and humans and are known to cause cancer. Exposure has also been linked to behavioral damage. Specifically, because PCBs in the body mimic estrogen, women of childbearing age and their infants are particularly susceptible

We plan on referencing Chapters four and nine from The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home by Arlie Hochschild. In chapter four, the family marries and hopes everything will work out without discussing how the marriage will work. This leads to a lot of conflict and ultimately ties into the divorce of our movie family. As far as chapter nine goes, both of the parents are extremely busy and end up hiring many people to help them balance functioning and working. This relates back to both sides of our movie family because both single parents needed to hire help because they could not run their own businesses’ on their own. The Second Shift will help us support the conflicts leading up to the divorce because little is know

In this generation of American society, there is a great emphasis on living a healthy lifestyle from factors such as diet and exercise. Yet today many of the products that Americans use and consume are full of cancer causing agents. In a society where there is a vast amount of research conducted and strict regulations, many daily used products are like a time bomb ready to explode. One-third of all people will develop cancer in our lifetime and one-fourth will die from this disease. Many cancers are due to preventable revelations to industrialized carcinogens and toxins in the food people eat, and household products and cosmetics people use daily.

Between 2002 and 2005 alone, the amount of chemical substances produced or imported in the United States increased from 42 billion pounds per day to 74 billion pounds per day. The amount of chemicals in commerce in the United States has increased from 62,000 grandfathered chemicals in 1976, to almost 83,000 in 2008, a difference of more than 20,000. Of this 83,000, the EPA has only been able to ban or restrict five chemicals under TSCA: PCBs, dioxin, CFCs, hexavalent chromium, and asbestos. Additionally, the EPA has independently tested only 250 of the 83,000 registered chemicals in commerce in the United States. Richard Denison, a Senior Scientist for the Environmental Defense Fund explained these incredibly low numbers by stating, “TSCA places an impossibly high burden on EPA before it can act to control a chemical.” In fact, under TSCA, “the EPA can’t even require testing to determine whether a risk exists without first showing a risk is likely.” For that reason, a large majority of chemicals used in the United States have never been tested for health and environmental effects. Studies have shown that due to the proliferation of these chemicals into homes, workplaces, and schools, the average American has a detectable concentration of 300 environmental chemicals. Among other issues, many of these chemicals can affect brain and organ function and cause cancer. Consequently, it is clear that

How many times have we heard about the Shakespeare's influence? Because of the particular and flawless works of William Shakespeare, it is not surprising that why he is one of the most influential person in the literary society for more than century. Undoubtedly, there are many people willing to let their heart be broken and cry for his work over and over again. Although his body was consumed by the time, his name and spirit are still breathing in our world through the poetry, literature, book or even movie. It can be found Shakespeare's influence in every entertainment industry, especially his shortest and bloodiest tragedy like 'Macbeth', which is the most famous one. Even 'The Lion King' (1994), the Disney animated movie by Roger Allers,

Air pollution can be undoubtedly harmful to pregnancy. Substances such as carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, benzene, emissions from solid biomass, and nitroarenes all contribute to air pollution. Studies done in North Carolina, California, and East India all conclude the same thing; air pollutants do affect the health of babies during pregnancy. The most severe affects from these toxins include cancer, short-and-long-term morbidity, and stillbirth. Still damaging, yet less traumatizing effects include low birth weight, small for gestational age, and preterm birth. PM2.5 is particulate matter in the air. One study shows it reduces birth weight by 3.1 g (Gray, 2013). Because most of air

Had manufacturers acted in a responsible manner, VC never would have been introduced as a propellant into consumer products such as hair sprays, pesticides, and paints.” Although this ingredient was replaced by methylene chloride, and is an ingredient in Sebastian Shaper Hairspray Styling Mist for Hold and Control, methylene chloride has been discovered to have similar carcinogenic effects. Methylene Chloride affects the human organs, specifically the heart and blood vessels, the liver and the nervous system. Another harmful ingredient in this hairspray is Benzophenone-3. According to Skin Deep this ingredient has the following concerns: “Developmental/reproductive toxicity, endocrine disruption, Allergies/immunotoxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation, Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive), Enhanced skin absorption, Biochemical or cellular level changes.” Further, the European Commission conducted studies on endocrine disruption and found that this man-made chemical creates a hormonal disruption in humans and animals.

In 2002, a case-control study was started in Brittanny, France. The candidates were women who were well into their second trimester (Douglas). Out of this study, they concluded that 79 out of the 580 babies were born with birth defects (Douglas). The mothers were questioned about their home lives and their hobbies, along with their occupation. Twenty-nine percent of the women were found to be exposed to these solvents based on the products they use in their home while twenty-one percent of women were exposed to harmful products through their profession (Douglas). “Women who reported regular exposure to solvents were four times more likely to have a baby with an oral cleft as compared to women who did not report regular exposure. Using job

In 1984, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) evaluated the safety of methyl, propyl, and butylparabens, stating that they were “safe for use in cosmetic products at levels up to 25%,” which is a generous limit, considering the approximate level for parabens ranges from .01 to 3%. However, there are still claims that parabens do more harm than good. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reported in December of 1999 “the chemical preservatives called parabens—methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl—displayed estrogenic activity in several tests.” Essentially, they found that parabens have the capability to mimic the body’s own hormones, which can lead to disruptions in the endocrine system, developmental and reproductive toxicity, allergies, and immunotoxicity. Even though parabens occur naturally in low levels in foods, like strawberries, blueberries, onions, carrots, etc, they are metabolized when consumed, making them less estrogenic. Yet, when the

Machiavelli (1882), in writing of cruelty and clemency asks the question of whether it is better to be loved or feared and asserts that both are best. Machiavelli (1882) justifies this conclusion by saying that people are fickle. They will pledge their lives when danger is distant and benefits are high, but desert those to whom they pledge their lives when danger is imminent. The person who places love above all else is in danger during times of crisis. Conversely, men are careful not to offend those they fear, because they fear the punishment and are more likely to remain true to their pledge. There is a caution in this assertion to know the difference between fear and hatred and the recommendation is to be

Most of the benzene’s occupational exposure occurs during solvent exposure, synthesizing other chemical compounds, and working at oil pipelines, tankers, gasoline pumper, auto repairs shops, and oil refineries (ATSDR 2007). In western countries, such as USA, Canada or the European Union, the occupational exposition to benzene are regulated. For

PCB’s (polychlorinated biphenyls) and dioxins have been in focus recently as there are concerns that the different structures are appearing to mimic the effects of female oestrogenic hormones. (Gray 1996) These chemicals can cause genetic chromosomal problems and major concerns to the reproductive effectiveness of marine animals. Oil spills and the burning of wood and coal can cause poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which has a negative effect on all wildlife causing genetic abnormalities. (EMCBTAP-ENVIS Newsletter 2002).