Tetrachloroethylene Research Paper

From 1947 to 1977, these two plants legally discharged from 500,000 to 1.5 million pounds of PCBs into the Hudson, and unknowingly saturated the bedrock beneath both sites with at least that much again. There are PCBs in Hudson River water, biota, and sediment from Hudson Falls to New York City - 200 miles that comprise the nations largest Superfund site. Pure PCBs are oozing out of the bedrock to this day, constantly recontaminating the river and over 300,000 pounds remain concentrated in bottom sediments of the river today. The spread of PCBs throughout the Hudson River and the food chain, which it supports, has created one of the most extensive hazardous waste problems in the nation. Polychlorinated biphenyl’s (PCBs) are a group of synthetic oil-like chemicals (therefore insoluble in water) of the organochlorine family. Until their toxic nature was recognized and their use was banned in the 1970s, they were widely used as insulation in electrical equipment, particularly transformers. Reputable chemists have since concluded, “it was probably a mistake ever to make or use PCBs.” These are serious poisons, which have been shown to cause damage to the reproductive, neurological and immune systems of wildlife and humans and are known to cause cancer. Exposure has also been linked to behavioral damage. Specifically, because PCBs in the body mimic estrogen, women of childbearing age and their infants are particularly susceptible

After synthesizing tert-butyl chloride, the melting point on the compound was found to be 47˚C. According to literature, tert¬-butyl chloride has a melting point of 51˚C, apart from a little bit of deviation, this shows that the correct compound was created. The percent yield obtained for the synthesis of tert-butyl chloride was 47.42%. This could have been due to errors that occurred in the lab. When moving the solution from one test tube or graduated cylinder to another some of the solution may still be left in the tube which lowers the percent yield. Also when working with a simple distillation setup, the vial is not distilled to dryness therefore some of the solution is not collected. Some of the solution can also be trapped on the side

The first part of Toms River by Dan Fagin goes into detail about the history of the chemical industry in New Jersey with the Ciba plant producing dyes and epoxy and their methods of disposing of waste and what effect that had on surrounding individual’s health. There were many groups of people who were exposed to the toxic chemicals produced in the waste products of dyes and epoxy from the Ciba plant. People who were working the factory typically had peak exposure because they were required to scrape and dispose of the waste chemicals daily. Residents of a neighborhood downstream the factory who typically had personal wells and were not customers of Toms River Water avoided the chemically traced water directly from the river for some time,

Had manufacturers acted in a responsible manner, VC never would have been introduced as a propellant into consumer products such as hair sprays, pesticides, and paints.” Although this ingredient was replaced by methylene chloride, and is an ingredient in Sebastian Shaper Hairspray Styling Mist for Hold and Control, methylene chloride has been discovered to have similar carcinogenic effects. Methylene Chloride affects the human organs, specifically the heart and blood vessels, the liver and the nervous system. Another harmful ingredient in this hairspray is Benzophenone-3. According to Skin Deep this ingredient has the following concerns: “Developmental/reproductive toxicity, endocrine disruption, Allergies/immunotoxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation, Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive), Enhanced skin absorption, Biochemical or cellular level changes.” Further, the European Commission conducted studies on endocrine disruption and found that this man-made chemical creates a hormonal disruption in humans and animals.

The wet, crude product was placed into the 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Small amounts of CaCl2 were added to dry the solution. The flask was sealed and the mixture was swirled and left to settle. Once

The Great Lakes, though fairly clean, are contaminated with some deadly chemicals that have slipped by human filtration into the lakes. These emerging chemicals have been determined to pose some health risk to humans and surrounding ecosystems and are used by society, but are unregulated or inadequately regulated retardants (Miller-Branovacki, Lindsay, "Water Resources and Urban Waste Water (Week #8)"). More specifically an emerging contaminant is one which is not historically widely distributed, nor a concern, however are now persistent and bioaccumulative making them a concern for the environment. The three major categories for emerging contaminants are; endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), Pharmaceutical and personal care

There are many famous Hispanic Americans, in our world today. These first two are from Mexico. Mario Molina (1943) is a chemist who discover the danger uses of Chlorofluorocarbons. His work with Rowland helped with banning the use of CFC. All the other Hispanic Americans scientist are astronaut. Rudolfo Anaya (1937) is an author from Mexico. He was known for his novels that where published in the 1970s. He wrote many stories and books. He won a Pen-west fiction award. Comparing to other Hispanic authors he just like Castillo considered a Chicano American writer (The Hispanic American). Benicio del Toro (1996) is an actor from Puerto Rico. He was the first Hispanic American to win An Oscar, Comparing to other actors like Jose Vicente who also

The chemical formula for benzyl chloride also known as a-chlorotoluene is C7H7CL. This chemical is a colourless liquid with a very pungent odor, has a melting point of -48 to -43 °C, and a boiling point of 179.4 °C. It has several health concerns such as eyes, nose, and throat irritation. If inhaled it could cause lung edema. The chemical can also spread to important organs such as your heart, stomach, lungs, muscles. It could also go into your bloodstream. Most importantly human data are considered in with the evidence of cancer by the exposure to benzyl chloride. This is because of the studies involving small numbers of cancer deaths and who were exposed to mixtures of chlorinated compounds. The production of benzyl chloride in the western

A half-mile neighborhood, in the town of Woburn, has a staggering 8 cases of Leukemia amongst children -- a rate that is three times the national average. These cases were discovered following the construction of local Wells G and H, both of which received complaints of water quality. Upon investigation, we discovered that the contamination of both of the wells is likely a significant factor in the health of Woburn residents. Pollutants used by companies in the area, trichloroethylene, are known to cause Leukemia. The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering discovered high amounts of trichloroethylene in wells G and well H. This chemical is commonly as a cleaning fluid -- the most efficient way to dispose of it being to simply discard the waste into a secluded body of water. In the case of Woburn, trichloroethylene seeped into soil which would later contaminate the water in both wells after they were built. Following the infrastructure of the water supply, the contaminated drinking water made its way to the neighborhood that would later experience the tragic loss of two children, and the following diagnosis of Leukemia in 6 others. We are hereby setting out to prove that the

These contaminations of the areas were discovered in 1981. The public wells draws water from Olean creek, and they were constructed in the 1970s to relieve the situation of water shortage for a surface water treatment plant. However, excessive leaves of trichloroethylene (TCE) were discovered in public wells in late 1980, and so the use of the wells was discontinued. Some suspected contaminations have been identified. After a supplemental RI/FS study to investigated thirteen properties for the presence of contamination at four of the properties as the main sources of VOC and TCE contamination to the former Loohn’s Dry cleans.

Another kind of incident that occurred before when Ken should've done something when he had the chance was when David sniffed chloroform. This substance, chloroform, was known as a very dangerous substance to have around your house. A chloroform is a, “primitive anesthetic commonly used during surgery in the mid-18002”(silverstein 17). Chloroform was initially used to make people sleep so they wouldn’t feel the pain of surgeries. It could be dangerous if you sniff it a lot. But David didn't care about that. Reading his favorite book, the golden book, it, “urged readers to sniff carefully…David took the challenge, but apparently sniffed too vigorously and ended up flat on his back. He estimated he was out for more than an hour”(Silverstein 17).

Higher blood levels of tetrachloroethylene have been noted for urban and industrial residential settings when compared to rural settings. Residing near dry cleaning facilities or storing recently dry-cleaned clothes at home can contribute to increased blood tetrachloroethylene levels. In occupationally exposed workers, tetrachloroethylene blood levels have been reported to be many thousand times higher than in the unexposed general population (CDC

In photolithography, different chemicals are used during the process, but even in small quantities these chemicals should be handled carefully. In order to clean the surface of the wafer, chemicals such as acetone can be used, but since it is flammable it should not be held near an open flame and should not be inhaled or ingested because it can cause irritation. Methanol is also used during this process but is only toxic when it is absorbed by skin and can cause skin irritation or sickness. Deionized water is used after the chemical cleaning but is not usually hazardous to human health. Chemicals such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) are used for tougher process of cleaning and is less carcinogenic than Trichloroethylene (TCE), which is carcinogenic.

Polyvinyl chloride is probably one of the most commonly used molecules out there, but also one of the most under rated and over looked molecule out there. It is very commonly used, part of humans everyday lives. Without polyvinyl chloride, people couldn't get shower. People couldn't use a credit card, wouldn't have a roof. Due to the fact that polyvinyl chloride is a odorless and solid plastic (ToxTown).

Although the state of America’s water infrastructure is of great concern, the types of chemicals found in America’s tap water are equally as frightening. The passage of the Water Act in 1972 prevents the direct dumping of hazardous chemicals directly into waterways, and helps regulate quality standards of water. However, the Clean Water Act is has no jurisdiction on regulating indirect dumping of chemicals that integrates into water supplies. Pesticides and prescription drugs are the greatest cause for concern of indirect containments in America’s water supply (Olsen). An abundance of the harmful chemicals found in liquefied animals feces, used in large dairy states, have percolated into drinking wells that have caused serious infections (Duhigg). However, more harmful containments are infiltrating water supplies. Such containments include