Tetralogy Of Fallot Essay

Atrioventricular Canal Defect is an abnormality that causes the mixing of blood. There is a hole in center of heart where the wall between the upper and lower chambers meet. The tricuspid and mitral valves aren’t formed properly and one large valve crosses the defect. The defect lets oxygen rich blood pass to the heart’s right side and mix with deoxygenated blood, then go back to the lungs. Another abnormality is Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), where the walls of the upper chambers of the heart don’t close completely, causing a left to right movement of blood due to the higher pressure. The mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood may cause the right atrium and ventricle to enlarge due to the higher volume of blood.

2. The defect in Caleb’s heart allows blood to mix between the two ventricular chambers. Due to this defect would you expect the blood to move from left-to-right ventricle or right-to-left ventricle during systole? Explain your answer based on blood pressure and resistance in the heart and great vessels. It goes left to right during systole. The difference is normally, oxygen-poor (blue) blood returns to the right atrium from the body, travels to the right ventricle, and then is pumped into the lungs where it receives oxygen. Oxygen-rich (red) blood returns to the left atrium from the lungs, passes into the left ventricle, and then is pumped out to the body through the aorta. But when an infant has ventricular septal defect it still allows oxygen-rich (red) blood to pass from the left ventricle, through the opening in the septum, and then mix with oxygen-poor (blue) blood in the right ventricle. (ROCHESTER.EDU) but instead when systole occurs the blood gets mixed because of the septum therefore heart needs to pump harder to ensure that enough blood with oxygen reaches the body.

4. left ventricle 5. superior vena cava 6. inferior vena cava 7. ascending aorta 8. aortic arch 9. brachiocephalic artery 10. left common carotid artery 11. left subclavian artery 12. pulmonary trunk 13. right pulmonary artery 14. left pulmonary artery 15. ligamentum arteriosum 16. right pulmonary veins 17. left pulmonary veins 18. right coronary artery 19. anterior cardiac vein t s w x v 20. left coronary artery 21. circumflex artery 22. anterior

Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is a rare, complex congenital heart defect. It occurs in about five out of every 10,000 babies. When babies are born with ToF, they have four different heart problems:

She was born with Tricuspid Atresia, Vetricula Steptum Defect, along with a Mirtral valve defect and numerous other medical issues. Tricuspid Atresia is a complex heart defect that occurs when the right ventricle in the heart fails to develop correctly during development in the womb. In Smilie’s case, it caused her to have little to no function in the right ventricle of the heart. To save Smilie’s life, doctors at the Prince Charles Hospital preformed a 3-stage surgery over 2 years to redirect blood flow within her body. Smilie had the BT Shunt at a few days old, the Hemi Fontan at 6 months old and the Fenestrated Fontan completed at 2 years of age. Smilie now has Hyploplastic Right Heart Syndrome as a result, which is a generalised term used to encompass the many conditions that can cause a lack of development in the Right Ventricle Side of the heart.

It was around 7 o’ clock in the afternoon on a Tuesday afternoon when my 7 year old patient almost bled out in a hallway at Nicklaus Children’s Hospital. This little girl had come back from a cardiac catheterization at 12 pm on March 29, 2016. This patient had a history of Patent Ductus Arteriosus, a heart condition in which the ductus arteriosus vessel fails to close after birth compromising the blood circulation by mixing oxygenated blood with the deoxygenated one (Tetsuya, et al., 2015).

In aortic insufficiency, blood in the aorta leaks through the aortic valve after it has closed. As a result, the heart works harder to pump the same amount of blood through the valve as it would if the valve closed tightly. When left untreated, aortic insufficiency causes enlargement and weakening of the left ventricle. When this happens,

Congenital abnormalities have become the main cause of heart disease among children especially in developing countries including Palestine state. Congenital heart disease is the most frequent form of congenital anomaly in newborn infants, and accounts for more than a quarter of all serious congenital anomalies worldwide. Generally, an estimated incidence of eight cases of congenital heart disease per 1000 live births is internationally accepted as the best approximation. The causes of most congenital heart defects are not known. (Zaqout, Aslem, Oweida, Al Kahlout, Al Barqouni, and De Wolf, 2013)

The left one supplies blood to the left ventricle and atrium and the right supplies blood to the right atrium and ventricle. These vessels supply the heart with the oxygen and nutrients that are required to function and survive (Sanders, Lewis, Quick, & McKenna, 2007, p. 123-124). In the case of an individual with CAD, the most common cause is atherosclerosis. It is a chronic inflammatory reaction in the artery walls with deposits of fatty proteins/lipids and cholesterol (Drake, Vogl, & Mitchell, 2015, p. 27).

Congenital heart disease occurs in approximately 1% of newborns and nearly 10% of these malformations belong to the group of univerntricular heart [Ref]. In patients with univentricular heart, the functioning ventricle receives the flow of both pulmonary and systemic circulation which causes a volume overload in the ventricle and reduces the functional ability of heart. In early 70’s, Fontan and Baudet introduced a palliative surgical technique aiming at reducing overload of heart in patients with tricuspid atresia by separating systemic and pulmonary venous return. Since the original technique was firstly introduced, it has been adapted greatly and applied to the patients with univentricular heart. Currently, the infants with univentricular heart undergo multiple consecutive operations with the final surgical operation creating so called Fontan circulation. The Fontan circulation separates systemic and pulmonary venous return by creating a direction connection between caval veins and pulmonary arteries. Two surgical approaches, which are called intracardiac lateral tunnel (ILT) [Ref] and extracardiac conduit (ECC) [Ref], are favoured to create Fontan circulation. ILT approach involves placement of an intraatrial baffle (figure 2a) while ECC approach creates anastomosis between pulmonary arteries and inferior caval vein

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection is a one of rare congenital heart defect. Its accounts 1% of total prevalence of heart defect abnormality. The estimated number of the cases is about one out of 10,000 live (1).The consequence of disrupting the normal development of venous drainage during gestational period leads to this malformation. That will lead to drainage of the pulmonary veins into the right atrium or branches of veins returning to the heart instead of drainage into the left atrium. A surgical repair of this anomalous considers the optimal treatment because it has shown a great decrease in death rate throughout the first year of life (2). Surgical intervention aims to establish a communication between the left atrium and the

Eisenmenger Syndrome is a congenital heart defect that is associated with long-term elevated blood flow through the pulmonary vasculature, which tends to cause pulmonary hypertension and increasing pulmonary vascular resistance (D 'Alto, 2014). Moreover, this is a heart defect that causes a hole to develop between two chambers of the heart (D’Alto, 2014). The hole causes blood to circulate abnormally in the heart and lungs. Increased blood flow returns to your lungs instead of going to the rest of your body (D’Alto, 2014.) People with Eisenmenger 's syndrome commonly present with chronic cyanosis and progressive exercise intolerance. People with congenital heart diseases that have significant untreated left-to-right shunt lesions are at an increasing risk of developing pulmonary arterial hypertension (Kopeć et al., 2014).

Cyanotic congenital heart defects include; Transposition of the great arteries, Truncus arteriosus, Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. (5)

Atrial Septal Defect(ASD) is a very large problem concerning the heart in its overall function. When the heart, being the core of the cardiovascular system, has issues; it effects the rest of the body as a result. The core of the problem resides in the atrial septum. Normally the heart is divided into four separate chambers. But a person with atrial septal defect has an atrial septum that allows the blood from the left side of the heart back into the right side. This results in increased pulmonary blood flow and diastolic overload of the right ventricle. By having this constant left-to-right shunt, it can alter the pulmonary vascular resistance leading to hypertension or even the reversal of the shunt itself.

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), one of the more common cardiac defects at birth, is the persistence of an opening between the pulmonary artery and the descending thoracic aorta. This opening is as a result of failure of the physiological fetus ductus arteriosus to close, which normally occurs soon after birth. This hole allows for oxygenated blood from the aorta to mix with oxygen-depleted blood from the pulmonary artery. As a consequence, significant strain is placed on the heart and pressure within the lungs’ arteries is dramatically increased.